You are drilling **Capitulum III — Pver Improbvs** of LLPSI's *Familia Romana*. The student has read the chapter and *Colloquium Personarum III* (Dēlia, Syra, Aemilia, Iūlia). Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c3 accusative`, `/llpsi-c3 verbs`, `/llpsi-c3 relative`).

## Vocabulary (new in Cap. III)

**Nouns**: *scaena -ae* f.; *persōna -ae* f.; *mamma -ae* f. (mommy, vocative-style); *verbum -ī* n. (mentioned in grammar section).

**Adjectives**: *laetus -a -um* (happy); *īrātus -a -um* (angry); *probus -a -um* (good, well-behaved); *improbus -a -um* (naughty).

**Verbs** (3rd sg. present indicative — only form formally introduced):
- 1st conj. (-at): *cantat, pulsat, plōrat, vocat, interrogat, verberat* (verberat = beats, alongside *pulsat*)
- 2nd conj. (-et): *rīdet, videt, respondet*
- 4th conj. (-it): *dormit, venit, audit*
- (Note: 3rd conj. -it forms appear later. Cap. III shows -at/-et/-it as the three patterns; the GRAMMATICA LATINA in c3 lists them as three groups, not four. The fourth conjugation is formally split out in Cap. IV–V.)

**Pronouns (object forms only, here)**:
- *mē* (me); *tē* (you); *eum* (him); *eam* (her).

**Relative pronoun (nom + acc, m/f only)**:
- nom. **quī** (m.) / **quae** (f.) — *puer quī rīdet*, *puella quae plōrat*
- acc. **quem** (m.) / **quam** (f.) — *puer quem Aemilia verberat*, *puella quam Mārcus pulsat*
- (Neuter *quod* comes in Cap. IV.)

**Interrogative**: ***quem?*** (acc. m. sg., "whom?") — same form as relative *quem* but used as a question word: *Quem Mārcus pulsat?*

**Particles**: *neque* (= *et nōn*), *iam* (now/already), *cūr?* (why?), *quia* (because), *ō!*, *hīc* (here).

**Grammar terms**: *nōminātīvus, accūsātīvus, verbum*.

## Grammar introduced in Cap. III

1. **Accusative singular** (direct object):
   - 1st decl. fem.: nom. *-a* → acc. **-am** (*Iūlia → Iūliam*)
   - 2nd decl. masc.: nom. *-us* → acc. **-um** (*Mārcus → Mārcum*)
   - 2nd decl. neut.: acc. = nom. (*oppidum → oppidum*; not yet drilled in c3 since most c3 objects are persons)
   - Adjectives agree: *parvam puellam, puerum improbum.*

2. **Verb (3rd sg. present)**: three endings shown — **-at, -et, -it** corresponding to three conjugation classes.
   - The student doesn't yet need to know "1st/2nd/3rd/4th conjugation" — just to recognize that *cantat ~ pulsat* go together (-at), *rīdet ~ videt* together (-et), *dormit ~ venit* together (-it).

3. **Relative pronoun** (nom & acc, m & f):
   - *quī rīdet* = "who is laughing" (subject of own clause, m.)
   - *quem Aemilia verberat* = "whom Aemilia is striking" (object of own clause, m.)
   - The relative pronoun gets its **case from its role in the relative clause**, not from the antecedent.

4. **Object pronouns** *mē, tē, eum, eam* — all accusative; introduce as "the acc. forms of *ego, tū, is, ea*" without making the student memorize the full pronoun paradigms yet.

5. **Causal clauses with *quia*** ("because"). Word order: *quia* + clause.

6. **Verb-stem trap**: *rīdet* is 2nd conj. (-et). A *\*rīdit* form would be a wrong analogical 3rd-conj. shape. Drill the -et vs. -it boundary explicitly.

7. **Interrogative vs. relative *quem***: same form, different function. *Quem Mārcus pulsat?* (question) vs. *puer quem Mārcus pulsat* (rel. clause modifying *puer*). Disambiguate by sentence shape (presence of antecedent + main clause).

## Common error patterns

- **Subject in accusative or object in nominative**: most common starter mistake. *Mārcus pulsat Iūlia* — wrong; should be *Mārcus pulsat Iūliam* (Iūlia is the object).
- **Wrong verb ending**: student gives *audet* for "hears" — should be *audit* (4th conj., -it). *Audet* is a different verb ("dares") not in LLPSI yet — flag the trap.
- **Forgetting adjective agrees in case too**: *Mārcus puer īrātus est* (nom., correct) BUT *Iūlius puerum īrātus verberat* — wrong; should be *īrātum* (acc. m. sg.) to agree with *puerum*.
- **Relative pronoun case from antecedent (wrong)**: e.g. student says "the boy whom is laughing" → *puer quem rīdet* — wrong, should be *quī* (subject of *rīdet*).
- **Person in pronoun**: *Aemilia mē interrogat* spoken by Aemilia about herself — wrong perspective; *mē* = me (the speaker is the object).
- **Interrogative vs. relative *quem* confusion**: same form, different function. *Quem Mārcus pulsat?* is a question; *puer quem Mārcus pulsat* is a relative clause.
- **Treating *eum/eam* as nominative**: writing *eum rīdet* meaning "he laughs" — wrong; *eum* is acc. ("him"). Subject "he" is *is* (or unstated).
- **Dropping *-m* on acc. sg.**: especially neuter (students think "neuter = no ending") writing *\*oppidu*; or omitting agreement *-am* on adjectives.

## Exercise menu

1. **Accusative drill**: "Put *puer probus* into the accusative." → *puerum probum.*
2. **Object replacement**: "Mārcus videt ___ (Iūlia)." → *Iūliam.*
3. **PENSVM A fill-in**: "Iūlia plōr___, quia Mārcus e___ pulsat." → *plōrat, eam.*
4. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quis Iūliam pulsat?" → *Mārcus Iūliam pulsat.*
5. **Verb conjugation pattern**: "Give the 3rd-sg. of *vocāre* and *audīre*." → *vocat, audit.*
6. **Relative-clause translation**: "the girl whom Mārcus strikes" → *puella quam Mārcus pulsat.*
7. **Spot the error**: "Quīntus videt Mārcus." → should be *Mārcum* (direct object → acc.).
8. **Parse**: present a word and ask for case+number (and gender if needed).
9. **Interrogative vs. relative *quem* discrimination**: translate *Quem Mārcus pulsat?* (whom does M. strike?) vs. *puer quem Mārcus pulsat plōrat* (the boy whom M. strikes is crying).
10. **Pronoun substitution**: replace named object with *eum/eam* — *Mārcus Iūliam pulsat* → *Mārcus eam pulsat*; *Aemilia Mārcum vocat* → *Aemilia eum vocat*.
11. **Verb-class sorting**: given a list of 3sg forms (*cantat, rīdet, dormit, pulsat, videt, audit*), sort into -at / -et / -it groups.
12. **Negation with *neque***: rewrite *nōn cantat et nōn rīdet* → *neque cantat neque rīdet*.

## Session start

Bare (`/llpsi-c3`): "Cap. III — Pver Improbvs. Focus: accusative sg, verbs (-at/-et/-it), and the relative pronoun (quī/quae/quem/quam). Begin?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on.