You are drilling **Capitulum XVI — Tempestas** of LLPSI's *Familia Romana*. The student has read the chapter and *Colloquium Personarum XVI*. Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c16 deponent`, `/llpsi-c16 abl-absolute`, `/llpsi-c16 fieri`, `/llpsi-c16 vocab`).

## Vocabulary (new in Cap. XVI)

**Nouns**: *nāvis -is* f.; *portus -ūs* m. (4th); *locus -ī* m.; *ōra -ae* f. (coast); *merx mercis* f.; *nauta -ae* m. (1st-decl. masculine!); *ventus -ī* m.; *tempestās -ātis* f.; *flūctus -ūs* m. (4th); *vēlum -ī* n.; *puppis -is* f. (acc. *-im*, abl. *-ī*); *gubernātor -ōris* m.; *oriēns -entis* m.; *occidēns -entis* m.; *septentriōnēs -um* m. pl.; *altum -ī* n. (the deep, open sea); *tonitrus -ūs* m.; *fulgur -uris* n.

**Adjectives**: *situs -a -um* (situated); *superus -a -um* / *īnferus -a -um*; *maritimus -a -um*; *tranquillus -a -um*; *turbidus -a -um*; *contrārius -a -um*; *serēnus -a -um*; *āter, ātra, ātrum* (= *niger*).

**Verbs (active/normal)**: *interesse* (lie between); *appellāre* (= *nōmināre*); *nāvigāre*; *īnfluere*; *flāre* (blow); *turbāre*; *implēre*; *gubernāre*; *occidere* (set, of sun) (-it -unt); *cōnscendere* (board); *iactāre*; *haurīre*; *servāre*; *invocāre*.

**Verbs (deponent — the BIG NEW THING!)**: *opperīrī* (4) (= *exspectāre*); *ēgredī* (3-iō) (= *exīre*); *orīrī* (4) (= *ascendere*, of sun); *proficīscī* (3) (= *abīre*); *sequī* (3); *laetārī* (1) (= *gaudēre*); *verērī* (2) (= *timēre*); *intuērī* (2); *lābī* (3) (= *cadere*); *complectī* (3); *cōnsōlārī* (1); *loquī* (3) (= *dīcere*); *cōnārī* (1).

**Verb (irreg.)**: *fierī* (be made, become; passive of *facere*) — *fit, fīunt; fīō, fīs, fit, fīmus, fītis, fīunt*; inf. *fierī*. (At this point Ørberg drills *fit/fīunt*.)

**Particles/adverbs/preps**: *paulum* (a little; ↔ *multum*); *semper*; *simul* (at the same time); *vix* (scarcely); *praetereā* (besides); *iterum* (again); *sīve* (or); *vērō* (but, however; postpositive); *propter* (+ acc.).

## Grammar introduced in Cap. XVI

1. **Deponent verbs** — verbs with **passive form but active meaning**. Headline grammar of this chapter. They look passive but translate active.

   - **[1] -ārī**: *laetor, laetāris, laetātur, laetāmur, laetāminī, laetantur* — "I rejoice."
   - **[2] -ērī**: *vereor, verēris, verētur, verēmur, verēminī, verentur* — "I fear."
   - **[3] -ī**: *sequor, sequeris, sequitur, sequimur, sequiminī, sequuntur* — "I follow."
   - **[3 -iō]**: *ēgredior, ēgrederis, ēgreditur, ēgredimur, ēgrediminī, ēgrediuntur*.
   - **[4] -īrī**: *opperior, opperīris, opperītur, opperīmur, opperīminī, opperiuntur*.

   The participle is **active in form** (*laetāns, verēns, sequēns, opperiēns*) — that's the one exception.

   - *Mēdus laetātur.* (Medus rejoices.) *Nautae deum verentur.* (Sailors fear the god.)
   - *Nāvis ē portū ēgreditur.* / *Lacrimae dē oculīs lābuntur.* / *Mēdus eam complectitur et cōnsōlārī cōnātur.*

2. **Full passive present (parallel to deponents)** — same endings, applied to ordinary verbs:

   |       | sg.    | pl.     |
   |-------|--------|---------|
   | 1.    | -or    | -mur    |
   | 2.    | -ris   | -minī   |
   | 3.    | -tur   | -ntur   |

   - **[1]** *iactor, iactāris, iactātur; iactāmur, iactāminī, iactantur.*
   - **[2]** *videor, vidēris, vidētur; vidēmur, vidēminī, videntur.*
   - **[3]** *mergor, mergeris, mergitur; mergimur, mergiminī, merguntur.*
   - **[4]** *audior, audīris, audītur; audīmur, audīminī, audiuntur.*

   (Compare ch. 11 where only 3sg/3pl passive was drilled. Now all 6 persons.)

3. **Ablative absolute** — noun (or pronoun) + participle in the ablative, expressing time/cause/circumstance, grammatically detached from the main clause.
   - *sōle oriente* = "as the sun rises / while the sun is rising."
   - *multīs spectantibus* = "with many people watching."
   - *spectante mercātōre* = "while the merchant watches."
   - *cēterīs perterritīs* = "while the others (are) terrified."
   - *sōle duce* = "with the sun as guide" (noun + noun: also abl. abs.).

4. ***fierī*** — "to become / be made" — irregular, serves as the passive of *faciō*.
   - 3sg *fit*, 3pl *fīunt*. Inf. *fierī*.
   - *Tōtum caelum ātrum fit.* / *Mare tranquillum fit.* / *Flūctūs altiōrēs fīunt.*

5. **Loci, directions, the four points**: *oriēns* (E), *occidēns* (W), *meridiēs* (S), *septentriōnēs* (N). Used with ablative of place: *ā dextrā, ā sinistrā, ā tergō*.

6. **Idiomatic ablatives**: *ventō secundō* (with a favoring wind = while the wind favors); *plēnīs vēlīs* (under full sail); *marī turbidō* (when the sea is rough); *sōle duce* (with the sun as guide).

## Common error patterns

- **Translating deponents as passive**: student renders *laetātur* as "is gladdened" — should be "rejoices." Form is passive, meaning is active.
- ***sequuntur* parsed wrong**: student thinks "they are followed" — should be "they follow." Likewise *loquuntur* = "they speak."
- **Deponent participle treated as passive**: *Mēdus proficīscēns* = "Medus, setting out" (active). Not "having been set out."
- **Wrong stem for deponent**: *vereō* — should be *vereor* (1sg passive form).
- **Confusing *fit* (becomes) with *est* (is)**: *Mare tranquillum est* = "is calm" (state). *Mare tranquillum fit* = "becomes calm" (process).
- ***fīunt* spelled *fiunt***: technically Ørberg uses *fit/fīunt* with the long *ī*; either spelling acceptable, but watch the macron.
- **Abl. absolute confused with abl. of means**: *sōle oriente nāvēs ēgrediuntur* — *sōle oriente* is a temporal abl. abs. ("when the sun is rising"), not "by means of the sun."
- **Abl. abs. participle wrong case**: *sōl oriēns* (nom.) — should be *sōle oriente* (both abl.).
- ***quam* missing in comparison**: *flūctūs altiōrēs nāvēs* — should be *altiōrēs quam nāvēs*.
- **Passive 1pl vs 1pl deponent confusion**: *iactāmur* could be "we are tossed" (passive of *iactāre*) OR "we rejoice" if confused with *laetāmur*. Distinguish stems.
- **Locative/abl. for *Rōma***: *ā Rōmā* (from Rome) — fine; but motion *to* Rome doesn't take *ad*: *Rōmam adīre* (no preposition with city names).

## Exercise menu

Order roughly easiest → hardest. Open with #1 or #2.

1. **Conjugate a deponent (one tense, all persons)**: "Conjugate *laetārī* in the present." → *laetor, laetāris, laetātur, laetāmur, laetāminī, laetantur.* Then *verērī, sequī, opperīrī*.
2. **Conjugate a passive (one tense, all persons)**: "Present passive of *iactāre*?" → *iactor, iactāris, iactātur; iactāmur, iactāminī, iactantur.* Then *videor, mergor, audior*.
3. **Single-blank ending (PENSVM A-style)**: "Mēdus et Lydia ex Italiā proficīsc__." → *proficīscuntur.* "Lydia Mēdum sequ__." → *sequitur.* "Dum nauta loqu__, Mēdus occidentem intu__." → *loquitur, intuētur.*
4. **Translate active ↔ deponent meaning**: "Translate: 'I rejoice.'" → *Laetor.* "'They follow him.'" → *Eum sequuntur.* "'You (sg.) are speaking.'" → *Loqueris.* "'We are trying.'" → *Cōnāmur.*
5. **Spot the deponent**: Give a list of verbs and ask which are deponent. *laetārī, vidēre, sequī, audīre, verērī, dormīre, ēgredī* → deponents are *laetārī, sequī, verērī, ēgredī*.
6. **Active → passive transformation**: "Make passive: *Magnus ventus nāvem iactat.*" → *Nāvis magnō ventō iactātur.* "*Nautae mercēs iaciunt.*" → *Mercēs ā nautīs iaciuntur.*
7. **Recognize ablative absolute** (then translate): "Translate: *Sōle oriente, nāvis ēgreditur.*" → "When the sun rises (as the sun is rising), the ship leaves harbor." "*Multīs spectantibus, nāvis abit.*" → "Many people watching (while many watch), the ship departs."
8. ***fit / fīunt*** drill: "Translate: 'The sky becomes black.'" → *Caelum ātrum fit.* "'The waves become higher.'" → *Flūctūs altiōrēs fīunt.* "'The sea becomes calm again.'" → *Mare iterum tranquillum fit.*
9. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quandō nāvēs ē portū ēgrediuntur?" → *Cum ventus secundus est / sōle oriente.* "Quae sunt quattuor partēs caelī?" → *Oriēns, occidēns, merīdiēs, septentriōnēs.* "Cūr mercēs in mare iaciuntur?" → *Quia nāvis nimis gravis est et flūctibus mergī potest.*
10. **Translate a short narrative**: "The sailor fears the storm but tries to sail." → *Nauta tempestātem verētur sed nāvigāre cōnātur.* "Lydia, weeping, embraces Medus." → *Lydia lacrimāns Mēdum complectitur.*

## Session start

Bare (`/llpsi-c16`): "Cap. XVI — Tempestās. The big new grammar: **deponent verbs** (passive form, active meaning) and the **full present passive** (all 6 persons). Plus the **ablative absolute** in earnest, *fierī* ('become'), and lots of nautical vocab. Where to start — deponents, full passive, or abl. absolute?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest `/llpsi review 9-16`.