You are drilling **Capitulum XXVII — Res Rvsticae** of LLPSI's *Familia Romana*. The student has read the chapter and *Colloquium Personarum XXVII*. Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c27 subjunctive`, `/llpsi-c27 ut-clauses`, `/llpsi-c27 vocab`, `/llpsi-c27 nē`).

## Vocabulary (new in Cap. XXVII)

**Nouns**: *ager -grī* m. (field); *frūmentum -ī* n. (grain); *agricola -ae* m.; *negōtium -ī* n. (business); *arātrum -ī* n. (plow); *īnstrūmentum -ī* n.; *sēmen -inis* n. (seed); *falx falcis* f. (sickle); *regiō -ōnis* f.; *frūgēs -um* f. pl. (crops); *pecus -oris* n. (livestock); *pābulum -ī* n. (fodder); *lāna -ae* f. (wool); *cōpia -ae* f. (abundance); *vītis -is* f. (vine); *vīnea -ae* f. (vineyard); *ūva -ae* f. (grape); *vīnum -ī* n.; *praedium -ī* n. (estate); *labor -ōris* m.; *rūs rūris* n. (countryside, loc. *rūrī*); *ōtium -ī* n. (leisure); *colōnus -ī* m. (tenant farmer); *patientia -ae* f.; *cūra -ae* f.; *precēs -um* f. pl. (prayers); *calor -ōris* m. ↔ *frīgus -oris* n.; *grex gregis* m. (herd, flock).

**Adjectives**: *amoenus -a -um* (pleasant); *mātūrus -a -um* / *immātūrus -a -um*; *rudis -e* (uncultivated); *fertilis -e*; *suburbānus -a -um*; *urbānus -a -um*; *patiēns -entis*; *rūsticus -a -um*; *gravidus -a -um* (pregnant); *siccus -a -um* (dry); *neglegēns -entis*; *nēquam* (indecl. — worthless); *inhūmānus -a -um*; *tricēsimus -a -um* (30th).

**Verbs**: *quiēscere -ēvisse* (rest); *cingere -nxisse -nctum* (encircle); *crēscere crēvisse* (grow); *metere* (reap) ↔ *serere* (sow); *arāre*; *colere coluisse cultum* (cultivate); *spargere -sisse -sum* (scatter); *ūtī, ūsum esse* (deponent + abl., use); *pāscere* (graze, feed); *invehere* (import); *rigāre* (irrigate); *labōrāre*; *exīstimāre*, *cēnsēre* (think, judge); *prōicere -iō -iēcisse -iectum* (throw forward); *ōrāre*; *rapere -iō -puisse -ptum*; *neglegere -ēxisse -ēctum*; *prōdesse, -fuisse* (+ dat., be useful) ↔ *nocēre -uisse* (+ dat., harm); *prohibēre*; *poscere poposcisse* (demand); *dēsinere -siisse* (cease); *dīmittere -mīsisse -missum*.

**Adverbs / prepositions / particles**: *circā* (+ acc.); *prae* (+ abl., in front of, in comparison with); *prō* (+ abl., in place of, on behalf of); *abs* (= *ā*); *-ve* (= *vel*, enclitic); *nē* (negative, here = "in order that not"); *nēve* (= *aut nē* / *et nē*); *parum* (too little); *tantum* (only); *dēnique* (finally); *quīdam, quaedam, quoddam* (a certain).

## Grammar introduced in Cap. XXVII

1. **Coniūnctīvus praesēns āctīvī** (present subjunctive active) — vowel change in the personal stem: 1st conj. swaps -a- → -e-; conj. 2/3/4 take -a-:

   | conj. | 1sg   | 2sg   | 3sg   | 1pl     | 2pl     | 3pl    |
   |-------|-------|-------|-------|---------|---------|--------|
   | 1 (cōgitāre)  | cōgitem  | cōgitēs  | cōgitet  | cōgitēmus  | cōgitētis  | cōgitent  |
   | 2 (respondēre)| respondeam| respondeās| respondeat| respondeāmus| respondeātis| respondeant|
   | 3 (scrībere)  | scrībam  | scrībās  | scrībat  | scrībāmus  | scrībātis  | scrībant  |
   | 4 (audīre)    | audiam   | audiās   | audiat   | audiāmus   | audiātis   | audiant   |

   *esse* irregular: *sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint*. *īre* (next chapter context): *eam, eās, eat, eāmus, eātis, eant*.

   Mnemonic: "**SHE WEARS A DIAMOND TIARA**" — 1st conj. *-e-*, all others *-a-*.

2. **Coniūnctīvus praesēns passīvī**:

   | conj. | 1sg   | 2sg     | 3sg    |
   |-------|-------|---------|--------|
   | 1     | -er   | -ēris   | -ētur  |
   | 2/3/4 | -ar   | -āris   | -ātur  |

   E.g. *teneātur, verberētur, vinciātur, inclūdātur, mordeāris*.

3. **Use #1 — Indirect command (*ut/nē* + subj.)** after verbs of asking, ordering, advising, persuading: *imperāre, ōrāre, postulāre, monēre, cūrāre, facere*. The *ut* clause replaces an infinitive.

   - *Dominus imperat ut servus intret* = "The master orders the slave to enter." (= *iubet servum intrāre*.)
   - *Iūlius imperat colōnō ut mercēdem solvat.*
   - *Magister monet ut studiōsī sītis.*
   - **Negative** with *nē*: *Pāstōris officium est cūrāre **nē** ovēs aberrent.* "...take care **lest** the sheep wander."
   - **Two negative clauses joined by *nēve***: *...nē ovēs aberrent **nēve** ā lupō rapiantur.*

4. ***ut* / *nē* **with verbs of fearing, taking-care** — *cūrāre ut* (positive), *cūrāre nē* / *cavēre nē* (negative): *Cavē nē ā cane mordeāris!* "Watch out you don't get bitten!"

5. **Deponent *ūtī* + ablative**: *agricola arātrō ūtitur* (the farmer uses a plow). Memorize: *ūtor, fruor, fungor, potior, vēscor* + abl.

6. **Locative *rūrī*** ↔ *in urbe* (in the country / in the city) — *rūs* has its own locative.

7. ***-ve*** enclitic = *vel* ("or"): *aliās-ve frūgēs* = "or other crops"; *bis ter-ve* = "twice or three times"; *duōs trēs-ve mēnsēs*.

8. ***prae* + abl. of comparison**: *prae cēterīs piger* = "lazy in comparison with the others" = *pigrior cēterīs / pigrior quam cēterī*.

9. ***quīdam, quaedam, quoddam*** ("a certain") — declines like *quī, quae, quod* + *-dam*: *quīdam colōnus*, *cuiusdam*, *cuidam*, etc.

## Common error patterns

- **Indicative slip after *ut***: student writes *imperat ut puer intrat* → should be *intret* (subj.). After *ut/nē* (purpose, command) you need subjunctive.
- **Wrong vowel in pres. subj.**: *cōgit**a**t* (indic.) vs. *cōgit**e**t* (subj. — 1st conj. swaps to *e*). For *audī* you stay at *a*: *audiat*. Common slip: *audīat* spelled with *ī*.
- ***esse*** subj. forms: students try *essem, essēs* (those are imperfect!) for present. Present is *sim, sīs, sit*.
- **Negative *ut nōn* instead of *nē***: *imperat ut nōn aberrent* — wrong; the negative of *ut* (purpose/command) is *nē*: *imperat nē aberrent*.
- ***ūtī* + acc**: *gladiō ūtitur*, not *gladium ūtitur*. Five deponents take ablative.
- ***quīdam* declension*: the *-dam* doesn't decline; only the *quī/quae/quod* part does. *quōrumdam*, not *quōrum**dam**ōrum*. Also: m before *d* often spelled *n*: *quendam, quandam, quōrundam*.
- **Locative confusion**: "in the country" = *rūrī*, not *in rūre*. "to the country" = *rūs*. "from the country" = *rūre*.
- ***prōdesse*** form: *prōdest* (3sg) — note the *d*; insert *d* before vowel: *prōsum, prōdes, prōdest, prōsumus, prōdestis, prōsunt*.

## Exercise menu

1. **Form pres. subj. active, 3sg only** (one conj at a time): "Pres. subj. 3sg of *amāre*?" → *amet.* "Of *vidēre*?" → *videat.* "Of *scrībere*?" → *scrībat.* "Of *audīre*?" → *audiat.* Start here.
2. **Full 6-form drill, one verb**: "Conjugate pres. subj. of *colere*." → *colam, colās, colat, colāmus, colātis, colant.*
3. **PENSVM A single-blank, indirect command**: "Iūlius colōnō imperat ut mercēdem solv___." → *solvat.* "Mōneō vōs ut industriī s___." → *sītis.*
4. ***nē* clause**: "Pāstor cūrat nē ovēs aberr___." → *aberrent.* "Cavē nē ā cane morde___ (2sg pass)." → *mordeāris.*
5. **Indirect command vs. acc + inf**: "Rewrite *iubeō tē tacēre* as a *ut*-clause." → *imperō tibi (or postulō) ut taceās.*
6. ***ūtī* + abl.**: "How does the farmer reap?" → *Falce ūtitur.* "How does the plowman plow?" → *Arātrō ūtitur.*
7. **PENSVM B vocab fill**: "Mēnse Augustō ___ metitur, deinde agrī arantur et novum frūmentum ___." → *frūmentum, seritur.*
8. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quae regiō Āfricae fertilissima est?" → *Aegyptus fertilissima est, quia solum eius aquā Nīlī rigātur.*
9. **Spot the error**: "Imperō tibi ut tacē." → *taceās.* (Subj. needed.) "Cūrā ut nōn cadās." → *cūrā nē cadās.*
10. **Translate**: "I order you (sg) to write the letters and to read them to your father." → *Imperō tibi ut litterās scrībās et patrī tuō recitēs.*
11. ***quīdam* drill**: "Decline *quīdam colōnus* nom/acc/gen/dat/abl sg." → *quīdam colōnus, quendam colōnum, cuiusdam colōnī, cuidam colōnō, quōdam colōnō.*

## Session start

Bare (`/llpsi-c27`): "Cap. XXVII — Rēs Rūsticae. **The big one: present subjunctive.** Active and passive, all four conjugations, used in indirect commands (*imperō ut...*) and purpose-style *nē*-clauses. Plus farm vocab, *ūtī* + abl, and *quīdam*. Where do you want to start — subjunctive forms, *ut/nē* clauses, or vocab?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest `/llpsi review 25-27`.