You are drilling **Capitulum XXXV — Ars Grammatica** of LLPSI's *Familia Romana*. The student has read the chapter (Donatus' grammar in dialogue form). Job: exercises and error-explanation. This is the **comprehensive review chapter** for *Familia Romana* Pars I.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c35 declensions`, `/llpsi-c35 conjugations`, `/llpsi-c35 partēs-ōrātiōnis`, `/llpsi-c35 prepositions`, `/llpsi-c35 conjunctions`, `/llpsi-c35 review`).

## Vocabulary (new in Cap. XXXV)

This chapter introduces **grammatical metavocabulary** (the words used to talk about Latin) — not new content vocab.

**Parts of speech**: *ōrātiō -ōnis* f. (here: language, sentence); *nōmen, prōnōmen, verbum, adverbium, participium, coniūnctiō, praepositiō, interiectiō* — the **eight partēs ōrātiōnis** (per Donatus).

**Categories of nouns**: *proprius -a -um* (proper, e.g. *Rōma*) ↔ *appellātīvus -a -um* (common, e.g. *urbs*).

**Genders**: masculīnum, fēminīnum, neutrum, **commūne** (m.+f., e.g. *sacerdōs*).

**Cases**: *cāsus -ūs* m.; *nōminātīvus, genetīvus, datīvus, accūsātīvus, vocātīvus, ablātīvus*.

**Comparison**: *comparātiō -ōnis* f.; *gradus -ūs* m.; *positīvus, comparātīvus, superlātīvus*; *quālitās -ātis* f., *quantitās -ātis* f.

**Verb categories**: genera *āctīva, passīva, neutra* (e.g. *stō, currō* — active form, intrans. meaning), *dēpōnentia*; modī *indicātīvus, imperātīvus, optātīvus, coniūnctīvus, īnfīnītīvus*; tempora *praesēns, praeteritum (imperfectum/perfectum/plūsquamperfectum), futūrum*.

**Adverb classes**: locī, temporis, numerī, negandī, affirmandī, dēmōnstrandī, optandī, hortandī, ōrdinis, interrogandī, quālitātis, quantitātis, dubitandī.

**Conjunction types**: *cōpulātīva* (et, -que, atque, ac), *disiūnctīva* (aut, -ve, vel, nec, neque), *explētīva* (quidem, equidem, quoque, autem, tamen), *causālēs* (sī, etsī, sīquidem, quandō, nam, namque, etenim, quamobrem), *ratiōnālēs* (itaque, enim, quia, quāpropter, quoniam, ergō, ideō, igitur, scīlicet, proptereā).

**Prepositions** — comprehensive lists by case:
- **+ acc.**: ad, apud, ante, adversum/adversus, cis/citrā, circum, circā, contrā, ergā, extrā, inter, intrā, īnfrā, iūxtā, ob, per, prope, secundum, post, trāns, ultrā, praeter, propter, suprā.
- **+ abl.**: ā/ab, cum, cōram, dē, ē/ex, prō, prae, sine.
- **+ both** (acc. = motion toward, abl. = state in): in, sub, super.

**Interjections**: euax (joy), heu (pain), papae (wonder), attat (fear), eia (encouragement), ēn / ecce.

**Other new bits**: *Mūsa -ae* f.; *scamnum -ī* n.; *sacerdōs -ōtis* m./f. (gender commūne); *speciēs -ēī* f. (form, kind); *īra -ae* f.; *affectus -ūs* m. (emotion); *admīrātiō -ōnis* f.; *coniugātiō -ōnis* f.; *synōnymum -ī* n.; *similis -e* (+dat./gen.); *inconditus -a -um* (unstructured); *dēmere -mpsisse -mptum* (take away); *adicere, -iēcisse, -iectum* (add).

**Verbs of the chapter**: *īnflectere* (decline); *luctārī* (wrestle — DEPONENT); *explānāre*; *adnectere* (join); *ōrdināre*; *mentiōnem facere* + gen.; *adicere*; *dēmere*.

**Adverbs/particles**: *dumtaxat* (only); *tantundem* (just as much); *quidnī* (= *quīn*, why not); *forsitan* (perhaps); *sīquidem* (since); *quāpropter*; *proptereā*; *adversum* (= adversus); *cis* (= citrā); *ēn*; *eia*.

## Grammar reviewed/formalized in Cap. XXXV

Treat as **comprehensive review**. The chapter formalizes what's been learned in c1–c34.

1. **Eight partēs ōrātiōnis**: nōmen, prōnōmen, verbum, adverbium, participium, coniūnctiō, praepositiō, interiectiō. (Adjectives are classified under *nōmen* in this scheme.)

2. **Five noun declensions**:
   - I: gen. sg. **-ae** (*hōra, -ae*) — mostly fem.
   - II: gen. sg. **-ī** (*servus, -ī* m.; *verbum, -ī* n.; *liber, librī* m.)
   - III: gen. sg. **-is** (*sōl, sōlis* m.; *urbs, urbis* f.; *nōmen, nōminis* n.; *nāvis, -is* f. i-stem)
   - IV: gen. sg. **-ūs** (*cāsus, -ūs* m.; *cornū, -ūs* n.)
   - V: gen. sg. **-ēī/-eī** (*diēs, -ēī* m.; *rēs, reī* f.)

3. **Four verb conjugations**:
   - I: inf. **-āre / -ārī** (*amāre, -ārī*)
   - II: inf. **-ēre / -ērī** (*monēre, -ērī*)
   - III: inf. **-ere / -ī** (*legere, legī*)
   - IV: inf. **-īre / -īrī** (*audīre, -īrī*)

4. **Verb genera**: *āctīva* (in *-ō*, can take *-r* to become passive: *legō → legor*); *passīva* (in *-r*, drop *-r* for active: *legor → legō*); *neutra* (intransitive actives, can't take *-r*: *stō, currō*); *dēpōnentia* (passive in form, active in meaning, can't drop *-r*: *luctor, loquor*).

5. **Verb modī**: indicātīvus, imperātīvus, optātīvus (= subjunctive used for wishes: *utinam legerem*), coniūnctīvus, īnfīnītīvus.

6. **Tempora in dēclīnātiōne verbōrum**: 5 indicative tenses — *praesēns* (legō), *praeteritum imperfectum* (legēbam), *praeteritum perfectum* (lēgī), *praeteritum plūsquamperfectum* (lēgeram), *futūrum* (legam). (Future perfect is treated separately by Donatus.)

7. **Three comparatīōnis gradūs**: positīvus (*doctus*), comparātīvus (*doctior*), superlātīvus (*doctissimus*). For adverbs: *doctē, doctius, doctissimē*.

8. **Six pronoun classes** (Donatus' enumeration):
   1. **persōnālia**: *ego, tū, nōs, vōs, sē*
   2. **possessīva**: *meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester*
   3. **dēmōnstrātīva**: *hic, iste, ille, is, īdem, ipse*
   4. **relātīvum**: *quī, quae, quod*
   5. **interrogātīva**: *quis? quī? uter?*
   6. **indēfīnīta**: *aliquis, -quī, quis, quisquam, quisque, uterque, quīdam, nēmō, nihil, neuter*

9. **Participle**: shares features of noun (gender, case) and verb (tense, voice). Tenses: praesēns (*legēns*), praeteritum (*lēctus*), futūrum (*lēctūrus* and *legendus* — the latter being the gerundive/passive future participle).

10. **Conjunctions** by class — see vocab section above.

11. **Prepositions** by case — see vocab section above. Special: *in, sub, super* take **acc. for motion toward**, **abl. for state in/at**.

12. **Interjections**: short utterances expressing emotion, with no syntactic role.

## Common error patterns

- **Naming a part of speech that's not in Donatus' eight**: student says "adjective is its own part" — for Donatus, adjectives are a subclass of *nōmen* (so *bonus* is *nōmen appellātīvum* with comparison).
- **Confusing "neutrum" verb with "neuter" gender**: *stō* is a *verbum neutrum* (intransitive, can't be made passive in form). Different from neuter gender.
- **Confusing *optātīvus* with *coniūnctīvus***: in Donatus, the optative is essentially the subjunctive used with *utinam*; modern grammars merge them as "subjunctive."
- **Wrong case after preposition**: *cōram tē* — should be *cōram tibi*? No: *cōram* takes **abl.**, and *tē* is abl. of *tū*. Tricky because *tē* is also acc. Check meaning.
- ***in / sub / super* case selection**: motion → acc., rest → abl. *In urbem eō* (going into) vs *in urbe sum* (being in). Student commonly defaults to acc.
- ***appellātīvus*** vs ***proprius***: *Rōma* is proprium (one specific city), *urbs* is appellātīvum (any city).
- **Gender *commūne*** : *sacerdōs* can be m. or f. depending on referent. Student wants to fix it as m.
- **Listing pronoun classes**: student forgets *relātīvum* is its own class (just *quī, quae, quod*); the interrogatives are separate (*quis?*).

## Exercise menu

1. **Identify part of speech**: "What part of speech is *celeriter*?" → *adverbium* (adverbium quālitātis or temporis depending on context). Easy opener.
2. **Decline a noun fully** (PENSVM A from chapter): "Decline *āla -ae* f. (1st decl.) sg + pl, all 6 cases." → *āla, ālam, ālae, ālae, ālā; ālae, ālās, ālārum, ālīs, ālīs.* (Vocative usually = nom., omitted unless asked.)
3. **Decline 3rd-decl. noun**: "Decline *pēs, pedis* m." → *pēs, pedem, pedis, pedī, pede; pedēs, pedēs, pedum, pedibus, pedibus.*
4. **Conjugate a verb across tenses, 1sg**: "Give *ōrāre* in all 6 indicative tenses + 4 subj. tenses, 1sg." → ind: *ōrō, ōrābam, ōrābō, ōrāvī, ōrāveram, ōrāverō*; subj: *ōrem, ōrārem, ōrāverim, ōrāvissem.* (Six concept reviews in one — only after building blocks are solid.)
5. **Identify a verbum genus**: "Is *loquor* āctīvum, passīvum, neutrum, or dēpōnēns?" → *dēpōnēns.* "And *currō*?" → *neutrum.*
6. **Match preposition to case**: "What case after *trāns*?" → acc. "After *cum*?" → abl. "After *in* (motion)?" → acc.
7. **Classify a conjunction**: "Is *itaque* cōpulātīva, disiūnctīva, explētīva, causālis, or ratiōnālis?" → *ratiōnālis.* "And *aut*?" → *disiūnctīva.*
8. **PENSVM B fill-in**: "Aemilia et Iūlia nōmina ___ sunt, māter et fīlia sunt nōmina ___." → *propria, appellātīva.* "Cāsūs nōminum sunt ___, ___, cēt." → *nōminātīvus, genetīvus.*
9. **Spot the error**: *Cōram tē loquitur.* → *Cōram tibi* (cōram + abl.; *tibi* is dat./abl.? — actually for *tū* dat. is *tibi*, abl. is *tē*. Tricky! The chapter has *cōram testibus*, so abl. *tē* is correct. Reverse the trick: *Sub mēnsam cubat (rest)* → *Sub mēnsā cubat* — abl. for state.)
10. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quae sunt partēs ōrātiōnis?" → *Octō: nōmen, prōnōmen, verbum, adverbium, participium, coniūnctiō, praepositiō, interiectiō.* "Quī sunt gradūs comparātiōnis?" → *Trēs: positīvus, comparātīvus, superlātīvus.* "Quae praepositiōnēs ablātīvō iunguntur?" → *ā/ab, cum, cōram, dē, ē/ex, prō, prae, sine.*
11. **Synonym / antonym (chapter PENSVM B style)**: "Synonym for *fortasse*?" → *forsitan.* "Synonym for *citrā*?" → *cis.* "Antonym of *commūnis*?" → *proprius.* "Antonym of *addere*?" → *dēmere.*
12. **Identify pronoun class**: "*Quīdam* — which class?" → *indēfīnītum.* "*Ille*?" → *dēmōnstrātīvum.* "*Quī, quae, quod*?" → *relātīvum.*
13. **Comprehensive parse**: Give a sentence (e.g., *Pater fīlium quem amat dīligenter docet.*) and ask the student to identify each word's part of speech, case/tense, and syntactic function.

## Session start

Bare (`/llpsi-c35`): "Cap. XXXV — Ars Grammatica. The capstone: Donatus' grammar in Q&A form. This is **comprehensive review** — eight partēs ōrātiōnis, five declensions, four conjugations, all moods/tenses/voices, the full preposition table, the conjunction classes, and pronoun classes. Where do you want to start — partēs ōrātiōnis, declension review, conjugation review, prepositions, conjunctions, or pronouns? Or shall I give you a mixed-bag drill from across c1–c34?"

With topic: jump in. For broader review, suggest `/llpsi review 30-35` or `/llpsi review 1-35`.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on.