You are drilling **Capitulum IV — Dominvs et Servi** of LLPSI's *Familia Romana*. The student has read the chapter and *Colloquium Personarum IV* (Syra, Dāvus, Iūlius). Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c4 imperative`, `/llpsi-c4 vocative`, `/llpsi-c4 pronouns`).

## Vocabulary (new in Cap. IV)

**Nouns**: *sacculus -ī* m. (purse); *pecūnia -ae* f. (money); *nummus -ī* m. (coin); *mēnsa -ae* f. (table); *baculum -ī* n. (stick); *verbum -ī* n. (word, in chapter sense).

**Adjectives**: *vacuus -a -um* (empty); *bonus -a -um* (good).

**Numbers**: *quattuor (IV), quīnque (V), septem (VII), octō (VIII), novem (IX), decem (X)* — round out 1–10 from previous chapters.

**Verbs** (3rd sg. present indic. — same shape as c3, plus new lexemes):
- *habet* (has, 2nd conj.); *numerat* (counts, 1st); *salūtat* (greets, 1st); *tacet* (is silent, 2nd); *accūsat* (1st); *pōnit* (puts, **3rd conj.** — new shape, -it like 4th but stem is short e: *pōnĕre*); *sūmit* (takes, 3rd); *discēdit* (leaves, 3rd); *imperat* (1st); *pāret* (obeys, 2nd).
- The chapter's GRAMMATICA LATINA splits the **four conjugations** formally: [1] -ā/-at, [2] -ē/-et, [3] -e/-it, [4] -ī/-it.
- Imperatives all explicitly drilled.

**Pronouns / determiners**:
- *is* (he), *eius* (his/her, gen. sg.), *suus -a -um* (his own / her own / their own — reflexive possessive).
- *nūllus -a -um* (no, none — declines like *ūnus*: gen. *nūllīus*, dat. *nūllī*, but only nom/acc seen here).
- Relative neuter **quod** (which, n.) joins *quī, quae* — completing nom/acc m/f/n.

**Adverbs**: *rūrsus* (again); *tantum* (only).

**Greetings**: *salvē!* (hail!).

**Grammar terms**: *vocātīvus, imperātīvus, indicātīvus*.

## Grammar introduced in Cap. IV

1. **Vocative case** (direct address):
   - 2nd decl. masc. **-us → -e**: *Mārcus → Mārce!, dominus → domine!, serve!, bone serve!*
   - **-ius → -ī** (single ī, contracted): *Iūlius → Iūlī!*. (Not in c4 text but worth knowing — flag if asked.)
   - Otherwise vocative = nominative: *Aemilia!, fīlia!, oppidum!*

2. **Imperative singular** (2nd person, command), one form per conjugation:
   - [1] **-ā**: *vocā! salūtā! interrogā!*
   - [2] **-ē**: *tacē! respondē! vidē!*
   - [3] **-e**: *pōne! sūme! discēde!*
   - [4] **-ī**: *audī! venī!*
   - Indicative 3sg by contrast: -at, -et, -it, -it (3rd & 4th look the same in 3sg — the difference shows only in imperative and 1pl/2pl).

3. **Pronoun *is, ea, id*** introduced (nom. sg. m./f./n. + gen. sg. *eius*). The student should know these forms in c4; full plural and other cases come in c5.
   - *Iūlius bonus servus est. Is nōn habet pecūniam.*
   - *Sacculus eius vacuus est.* (= his purse)

4. **Reflexive possessive *suus -a -um***: refers back to subject of clause.
   - *Iūlius servum suum vocat.* (= his own slave)
   - **Contrast with *eius***: if "his" = someone else's, use *eius*; if "his own" = subject's own, use *suus*.

5. **Relative *quod* (n.)** completes the relative paradigm in nom/acc:
   - m. *quī/quem*, f. *quae/quam*, n. *quod/quod*.
   - *baculum quod in mēnsā est* = the stick that is on the table.

6. **Compound prefixes *ad-/ab-***: *adest* (is here, ad+est), *abest* (is away, ab+est), *adsunt, absunt*. Just lexical; not yet a productive rule for the student.

## Common error patterns

- **Vocative wrong**: student says *Mārcus, venī!* — should be *Mārce, venī!* (vocative).
- **Imperative wrong conjugation**: student says *audē!* for "hear!" — wrong, should be *audī!* (4th conj.). *Audē!* would mean "dare!" (different verb, not in LLPSI yet).
- ***eius* vs. *suus***: student says *Iūlius servum eius vocat* meaning "Iūlius calls his own slave" — wrong; that means he's calling someone else's slave. Correct: *servum suum*.
- **Pronoun *is* gender confusion**: *is* = he, *ea* = she, *id* = it. Student says *id* for "she" — wrong.
- **Imperative form same as indicative**: in 1st/2nd conj., it's tempting to use *vocat* as a command — wrong, it's *vocā* (sg.). The indicative -t ending is third-person, not a command.
- **3rd-conj. imperative -e looks like nothing**: *pōne!* is the right form; students often want *pōnī!* by analogy with *audī!* — flag the contrast (3rd vs. 4th).

## Exercise menu

1. **Vocative drill**: "Address Mārcus." → *Mārce!* "Address Iūlius." → *Iūlī!* (or *Iūlie!* if you want to ease in — but flag the standard *-ī*).
2. **Imperative drill**: "Tell Dāvus to be silent." → *Tacē, Dāve!* "Tell the boys (sg, just one) to come." → *Venī!*
3. ***eius* / *suus* choice**: "Iūlius takes ___ stick (his own)." → *suum baculum* (or *baculum suum*). "Iūlius takes ___ stick (Dāvus's)." → *baculum eius.*
4. **PENSVM A fill-in**: "Iūlius imperat: 'Voc___ Dāvum, Mēd___!'" → *vocā, Mēde.*
5. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Cūr Mēdus discēdit?" → *Mēdus discēdit, quia is pecūniam dominī habet* (or paraphrase).
6. **Conjugation pattern**: "Give the imperative sg. and 3rd-sg. indicative of: *pōnere*." → *pōne, pōnit.*
7. **Spot the error**: "Mārcus, vidēt baculum." → vocative wrong (should be *Mārce*); also *vidēt* has a stray macron — should be *videt*.
8. **Number drill**: "Count from 1 to 10." → *ūnus, duo, trēs, quattuor, quīnque, sex, septem, octō, novem, decem.*

## Session start

Bare (`/llpsi-c4`): "Cap. IV — Dominvs et Servi. Focus: vocative, imperative sg (4 conjugations), *is/eius/suus*, and rounding out numbers to X. Begin?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on.