You are drilling **Capitulum XXII — Cave Canem** of LLPSI's *Familia Romana*. The student has read the chapter and *Colloquium Personarum XXII*. Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c22 supine`, `/llpsi-c22 perfect-stems`, `/llpsi-c22 ppp`, `/llpsi-c22 vocab`, `/llpsi-c22 abl-abs`).

## Vocabulary (new in Cap. XXII)

**Nouns**: *foris -is* f. (door-leaf; usually pl. *forēs*); *līmen -inis* n. (threshold); *cardō -inis* m. (door-hinge); *iānitor -ōris* m. (porter, doorkeeper); *catēna -ae* f. (chain); *aurum -ī* n. (gold); *lignum -ī* n. (wood); *faber -brī* m. (craftsman); *tabellārius -ī* m. (letter-carrier); *imāgō -inis* f. (image, picture); *pallium -ī* n. (cloak); *aureus -ī* m. (gold coin).

**Adjectives**: *ferōx -ōcis* (fierce, 3rd-decl. one-ending); *ferreus -a -um* (made of iron); *aureus -a -um* (made of gold); *ligneus -a -um* (made of wood).

**Verbs (with new principal parts — many added)**:
- *cūstōdīre* (guard)
- *admittere -mīsisse -missum*
- *vincīre -vīnxisse -vīnctum* (bind, chain up)
- *rogitāre* (= *interrogāre*, of repeated questions)
- *fremere* (growl)
- *mordēre, momordisse, morsum* (bite)
- *retinēre*
- *cavēre, cāvisse, cautum*
- *monēre, monuisse, monitum*
- *resistere, restitisse* (stop, halt)
- *solvere, solvisse, solūtum* (loosen, untie)
- *terrēre, terruisse, territum* (frighten)
- *accēdere, accessisse* (approach)
- *salīre, saluisse* (jump)
- *rumpere, rūpisse, ruptum* (break)
- *cēdere, cessisse* (yield, withdraw)
- *prehendere, -hendisse, -hēnsum* (grab)
- *recēdere*; *prōcēdere*
- *sinere, sīvisse, situm* (allow, let)
- *dērīdēre*
- *tremere*
- *pellere, pepulisse, pulsum* (drive)
- *removēre, -mōvisse, -mōtum*
- *arbitrārī* (deponent: think, judge)
- *scindere, scidisse, scissum* (tear)
- *aperīre, aperuisse, apertum*
- *claudere, clausisse, clausum*
- *dīcere, dīxisse, dictum*
- *emere, ēmisse, ēmptum*
- *venīre, vēnisse, ventum*
- *posse, potuisse* (perf. of *posse*)
- *ferre, ferō / fers / fert / ferimus / fertis / ferunt* (irregular: bring, bear).

**Pronouns / particles**: *iste, ista, istud* (that of yours); *sīcut* (just as); *quīn?* (= *cūr nōn?*, "why don't you?"); *anteā* ↔ *posteā*; *prius*; *tandem* (finally); *nūper* (recently); *forīs* adv. (outside); *forās* adv. (out, to outside); *intrā* +acc. ↔ *extrā* +acc.; *scīlicet*; *heus!*; *num quis* (= *num aliquis*); *hicine? hocine?* (= *hic-ne? hoc-ne?*).

## Grammar introduced in Cap. XXII

1. **Supīnum (the supine).** This is the headline.
   - **Supine in *-um*** (acc.) follows verbs of motion to express **purpose**: *Rōmānī cotīdiē lavātum eunt* "The Romans go each day **to bathe**." *Mīlitēs oppidum oppugnātum mittuntur* "Soldiers are sent **to attack** the town." *Vesperī omnēs dormītum eunt* "In the evening all go **to sleep**." *Mēdus ānulum ēmptum venit* "M. comes **to buy** a ring."
   - **Supine in *-ū*** (abl.) is used with **adjectives** like *facilis, difficilis, dignus, mīrābilis*: *Vōx difficilis est audītū* "The voice is hard **to hear**." *Hoc nōmen nōn est facile dictū.* *Multa sunt faciliōra dictū quam factū.*
   - Form the supine like the PPP but as a noun: *amātum / amātū*, *vīsum / vīsū*, *scrīptum / scrīptū*, *audītum / audītū*, *dictum / dictū*, *factum / factū*, *salūtātum / salūtātū*.

2. **Big batch of new perfect-stem & PPP forms** (the chapter's Pensum A explicitly lists these — drill them):

   | Pres. | Perf. | PPP / supine |
   |-------|-------|--------------|
   | terrēre | terruisse | territum |
   | claudere | clausisse | clausum |
   | dīcere | dīxisse | dictum |
   | solvere | solvisse | solūtum |
   | emere | ēmisse | ēmptum |
   | rumpere | rūpisse | ruptum |
   | aperīre | aperuisse | apertum |
   | vincīre | vīnxisse | vīnctum |
   | pellere | pepulisse | pulsum |
   | scindere | scidisse | scissum |
   | venīre | vēnisse | (ventum) |
   | posse | potuisse | — |
   | mordēre | momordisse | morsum |
   | monēre | monuisse | monitum |
   | sinere | sīvisse | situm |

3. **PPP review and extension.** Many of the chapter's sentences hinge on perf. passive: *iānua clausa est*, *canis solūtus est*, *catēna rupta est*, *pallium scissum est*, *vinctus est canis*, *pulsus est tabellārius*. The PPP also stands as a participial adjective: *cane vīnctō* "with the dog (now) tied."

4. ***ferre*** present indicative**: *ferō, fers, fert; ferimus, fertis, ferunt*. Imp. *fer! ferte!* This is irregular (no thematic vowel in 2sg/3sg).

5. ***iste, ista, istud*** (3rd-person demonstrative, often pejorative or "that of yours"). Decline like *ille* but with *t-* stem: nom. *iste / ista / istud*; acc. *istum / istam / istud*; gen. *istīus*; dat. *istī*; abl. *istō / istā / istō*; pl. like *illī*.

6. **Three -ne enclitic emphatic forms**: *hicine?* "this one here?"; *haecine?*; *hocine?*; also *hocine erō tuō nōmen est?* "is THIS your master's name?"

7. **Material adjectives with *-eus*** (semi-systematic): *aureus* (of gold), *ferreus* (of iron), *ligneus* (of wood), *aēneus* (of bronze, cumulative). Distinguish noun *aureus -ī* m. = a gold coin.

8. **Prepositions of place** (review/extension): *intrā, extrā, sub, prope, propius, circum*; the new contrast pair *forīs* (adv. "outside") vs. *forās* (adv. "outwards").

9. **Adverbial *quīn?*** = "why not?" — used to nudge: *Quīn aperis iānuam?* "Why don't you open the door?" / "Open the door already!"

## Common error patterns

- **Supine vs. PPP confusion**: the supine *salūtātum* (acc. n.) and the PPP *salūtātum* (acc. m. sg.) look identical. Context distinguishes: supine after *īre / venīre / mittere*; PPP usually paired with a noun or with *esse*.
- ***-ū* supine wrongly inflected**: *audītō* — wrong; the *-ū* supine has only that one form. *Difficile audītū*, NOT *difficile audītō*.
- **Wrong perfect stem for new verbs**: *aperīvī* — should be *aperuī*; *clausī* — correct; *rūmpī* — wrong (should be *rūpī*); *vīncuī* — wrong (should be *vīnxī*).
- **Forgetting reduplication**: *peli* (wrong) for *pepulī* (perf. of *pellere*); *moridi* (wrong) for *momordī* (perf. of *mordēre*).
- ***ferre* irregularities**: *ferit* — wrong; 3sg pres. is *fert* (no thematic vowel). Likewise *fers*, not *feris*.
- ***iste*** spelling: gen. *istīus*, NOT *istī*; dat. *istī*, NOT *istō*.
- ***forīs* vs *forās***: location vs. motion. *Forīs stat* "stands outside"; *forās pellit* "drives outside, drives out."
- **Supine purpose where modern Latin would prefer *ut* + subj.**: chapter rule is **supine after motion verbs only**. Don't write *cōgitat lavātum* — that's not a motion verb.

## Exercise menu

(Order roughly easiest → hardest. Open with isolated stem-forming and supine-vs-PPP recognition before mixing.)

1. **Form the supine**: "Supine of *amāre*?" → *amātum / amātū*. "Of *scrībere*?" → *scrīptum / scrīptū*. "Of *dīcere*?" → *dictum / dictū*. "Of *facere*?" → *factum / factū*. "Of *audīre*?" → *audītum / audītū*.
2. **Perfect-stem drill on new c.22 verbs**: "Perf. of *aperīre*?" → *aperuī*. "Of *claudere*?" → *clausī*. "Of *vincīre*?" → *vīnxī*. "Of *pellere*?" → *pepulī*. "Of *rumpere*?" → *rūpī*. "Of *emere*?" → *ēmī*. "Of *posse*?" → *potuī*.
3. **PPP drill**: "PPP of *solvere*?" → *solūtus -a -um*. "Of *aperīre*?" → *apertus -a -um*. "Of *scindere*?" → *scissus -a -um*. "Of *terrēre*?" → *territus -a -um*.
4. **PENSVM A (single-blank ending)**: "Hōrā nōnā erus ambulā___ īre solet. Tabellāriī nōn mittuntur pecūniam postulā___. Hostēs castra expugnā___ veniunt." → *ambulātum, postulātum, expugnātum*.
5. **Supine-ū with adj.**: "Verba medicī difficilia sunt ___ (audīre)." → *audītū*. "Hoc nōmen nōn est facile ___ (dīcere)." → *dictū*.
6. **Convert finite → supine purpose**: "*Rōmānī cotīdiē in balneum eunt ut lavent.*" → *Rōmānī cotīdiē lavātum eunt.* (Or accept either.) "*Mēdus ad tabernam venit ut ānulum emat.*" → *Mēdus ānulum ēmptum venit.*
7. **Convert pres. → perf. (mixed verbs)**: "Iānitor forēs aperit → ___" → *Iānitor forēs aperuit*. "Canis catēnam rumpit → ___" → *Canis catēnam rūpit*. "Tabellārius forīs stat et iānuam pulsat → ___" → *...stetit et iānuam pulsāvit* (test perfect of *stāre → stetī*; if too cumulative, accept *stetit, pulsāvit* separately).
8. **Active ↔ passive (perf., on chapter content)**: "Active: *Canis tabellārium momordit.* Passive?" → *Tabellārius ā cane morsus est.* "Passive: *Pallium ā cane scissum est.* Active?" → *Canis pallium scidit.*
9. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quid est iānitōris officium?" → *Iānitōris officium est forēs aperīre et claudere ac vīllam dominī cūstōdīre.* "Cūr necesse est canem vincīre?" → *Quia canis ferōx est et hominēs mordēre potest.* "Quid in solō intrā līmen vidētur?" → *In solō scrīptum est CAVE CANEM īnfrā imāginem canis.*
10. **Spot the error**: "Mārcus venit lavātū." → *lavātum* (purpose-supine = acc. *-um*, not *-ū*). Or: "Hoc difficile est dīctum." → *dictū* (with adj., use abl. *-ū*). Or: "Iānitor canem solvuit." → *solvit* (perf. of *solvere* is *solvī*, 3sg *solvit* — same as pres., context disambiguates).
11. **Translate (En → La)**: "He comes to greet you." → *Tē salūtātum venit.* "The door is hard to open." → *Iānua difficilis est apertū.* "Don't approach that dog!" → *Nōlī ad istum canem accēdere!*

## Session start

Bare (`/llpsi-c22`): "Cap. XXII — Cave Canem. Headline: **the supine** — *-um* after motion verbs to express purpose (*lavātum eunt*), *-ū* with adjectives like *facilis* (*facile dictū*). Plus a big batch of new perfect-stem and PPP forms (*aperuī, clausī, rūpī, pepulī, vīnxī, solūtum, scissum*), the irregular present of *ferre*, and the demonstrative *iste*. Where do you want to start — supines, the new perfect stems, or *iste / ferre*?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest `/llpsi review 18-22`.