You are drilling **Capitulum XXV — Thesevs et Minotavrvs** of LLPSI's *Familia Romana*. The student has read the chapter and *Colloquium Personarum XXV*. Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c25 deponents`, `/llpsi-c25 vocab`, `/llpsi-c25 imperatives`, `/llpsi-c25 ablative-absolute`).

## Vocabulary (new in Cap. XXV)

**Nouns**: *fabula -ae* f. (story); *agnus -ī* m. (lamb); *currus -ūs* m. (chariot, 4th); *moenia -ium* n. pl. (city walls); *mōnstrum -ī* n.; *taurus -ī* m. (bull); *labyrinthus -ī* m.; *aedificium -ī* n. (building); *mors mortis* f. (death); *rēx rēgis* m.; *expugnātiō -ōnis* f.; *glōria -ae* f.; *auxilium -ī* n.; *cīvis -is* m./f.; *exitus -ūs* m. (way out, 4th); *fīlum -ī* n. (thread); *mora -ae* f. (delay; *sine morā* = at once); *nex necis* f. (slaying); *lītus -oris* n. (shore); *saxum -ī* n. (rock); *cōnspectus -ūs* m. (sight, 4th); *cupiditās -ātis* f.; *nārrātiō -ōnis* f.

**Adjectives**: *humilis -e* (low — 3rd decl. two-ending); *terribilis -e*; *mīrābilis -e*; *timidus -a -um*; *saevus -a -um* (savage); *cupidus -a -um* (+ gen., desirous of); *parātus -a -um* (+ ad/inf., ready).

**Verbs (active, with new perfect stems)**: *regere rēxisse rēctum* (rule); *trahere trāxisse tractum*; *interficere -iō -fēcisse -fectum*; *aedificāre*; *vorāre*; *patēre* (stand open); *necāre*; *cōnstituere -uisse -ūtum* (decide); *occīdere -disse -sum* (kill, slay); *pollicērī -itum esse* (deponent — promise); *prōspicere -iō -spexisse*; *dēscendere -disse* / *ascendere -disse*; *maerēre* (mourn); *dēserere -uisse -rtum* (abandon); *coepisse* (perfect-only — began); *quaerere -sīvisse -sītum*; *iubēre iussisse iussum*; *gerere gessisse gestum*; *iacere -iō iēcisse iactum* (throw); *reperīre repperisse repertum*; *cōnscendere -disse* (board); *cōnspicere -iō -spexisse -spectum*; *incipere -iō coepisse* (begin); *reddere -didisse -ditum*; *accēdere -cessisse*; *pergere* (continue); *relinquere -līquisse -lictum*.

**Deponents (new)**: *proficīscī, profectum esse* (set out); *sequī, secūtum esse* (follow); *oblīvīscī, oblītum esse* (+ gen., forget).

**Adverbs / conjunctions**: *forte* (by chance); *quotannīs* (every year); *ōlim* (once upon a time); *ibi* (there); *illūc / hūc* (to there / here); *brevī* (shortly).

## Grammar introduced in Cap. XXV

1. **Imperative of deponent verbs** — formally tabulated:

   | conj. | sg (-re)   | pl (-minī)   |
   |-------|------------|--------------|
   | 1     | laetāre!   | laetāminī!   |
   | 2     | intuēre!   | intuēminī!   |
   | 3     | revertere! | revertiminī! |
   | 4     | partīre!   | partīminī!   |

   Sg looks like an active infinitive but is imperative. Pl looks like an indicative passive but is imperative. From the chapter: *Cōnsōlāre mē! Loquere mēcum! Sequiminī mē! Laetāminī! Intuēminī gladium meum!*

2. **More perfect stems** (huge wave): *trahere → trāxisse, regere → rēxisse, gerere → gessisse, iacere → iēcisse, iubēre → iussisse, cōnstituere → cōnstituisse, reperīre → repperisse, accēdere → accessisse, ascendere → ascendisse, reddere → reddidisse, relinquere → relīquisse*. Deponents: *proficīscī → profectum esse, sequī → secūtum esse, oblīvīscī → oblītum esse, pollicērī → pollicitum esse*.

3. **Perfect-only verb *coepisse*** ("began") — has no present forms in classical use; supplied by *incipere* in present, *coepisse* in perfect: *amāre coepit* = "began to love".

4. **Ablative absolute (introduced informally)** — noun + perfect participle in abl., a free-standing temporal clause: *Mīnōtaurō occīsō* = "with the Minotaur slain / after killing the Minotaur"; *Hīs verbīs locūtīs*; *Ariadnā Naxī relictā*; *Hōc audītō, dominus...*. Translate as "after / when / since X had been Y-ed".

5. ***oblīvīscī* + genitive (or accusative)**: *oblīvīscere illīus virī!* "Forget that man!" Memory verbs take genitive of the thing forgotten/remembered.

6. **Locative of city names + place constructions**: *Athēnīs* = at/in Athens (locative; also abl. = from Athens), *Athēnās* = to Athens (acc.), *Naxī* = at Naxos, *Naxō* = from Naxos, *Naxum* = to Naxos. Names of towns/small islands take no preposition.

7. **Comparative of adverbs / abl. of comparison** (recap): *lupō ferōcior* = *ferōcior quam lupus*.

## Common error patterns

- **Deponent imperative looks wrong**: student wants to say "follow me!" and writes *sequī mē!* (that's the infinitive). Correct: *sequere mē!* The sg deponent imperative ends in *-re*.
- **Deponent pl imperative confused with indicative**: *sequiminī* could be "you (pl) are following" *or* "follow!" — context decides. Drill both.
- ***coepisse* present**: student says *coepiō* — no such form. Use *incipiō* in the present.
- **Ablative absolute mistakes**: putting subject in nom (*Mīnōtaurus occīsus, Thēseus exiit*) — wrong; both noun and participle go in abl.: *Mīnōtaurō occīsō*.
- ***oblīvīscī* + acc instead of gen**: *oblīvīscere illum virum* should be *oblīvīscere illīus virī* (textbook prefers gen here, though acc is also attested).
- **Locative confusion**: "to Athens" is *Athēnās* (acc, no prep), not *ad Athēnās*. "At Athens" is *Athēnīs*, not *in Athēnīs*.
- **Perfect stem of *iacere*** (throw): *iēcī* (long ē, no reduplication). Don't confuse with *iacēre* "lie", which is 2nd conj. (*iacuī*).
- ***moenia*** is plural-only neuter: *moenia alta*, never *moenium altum*.

## Exercise menu

1. **Deponent imperative drill (sg)**: "Tell Theseus to follow you." → *sequere mē!* "Tell Quīntus to console you." → *cōnsōlāre mē!* Start here — single-form, single-concept.
2. **Deponent imperative drill (pl)**: "Tell the citizens to rejoice." → *laetāminī, cīvēs!*
3. **PENSVM A single-blank, perfect of deponent**: "Thēseus ē Crētā profec___ est." → *profectus.* "Ariadna eum secū___ est." → *secūta* (note fem!).
4. **New perfect stem recall**: "Perfect of *trahere*?" → *trāxisse.* "Of *iubēre*?" → *iussisse.* "Of *reperīre*?" → *repperisse.*
5. **PENSVM B vocab fill** (whole word from context): "In īnsulā Crētā vīvēbat ___ terribile, nōmine Mīnōtaurus." → *mōnstrum.*
6. **Ablative absolute identification**: "What does *Mīnōtaurō occīsō, Thēseus exitum repperit* mean?" → "With/After the Minotaur (having been) killed, Theseus found the way out."
7. **Place-of-city construction**: "Theseus sailed to Athens." → *Thēseus Athēnās nāvigāvit.* "He lived at Athens." → *Athēnīs vīvēbat.* "He set out from Naxos." → *Naxō profectus est.*
8. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quōmodo Thēseus exitum labyrinthī repperit?" → *Thēseus exitum labyrinthī fīlō Ariadnae secūtō repperit* (or simpler: *Fīlum Ariadnae secūtus est.*)
9. **Spot the error**: "Ariadna in īnsulā relictus est." → *relicta est* (Ariadna is fem.).
10. **Translate**: "After the king was killed, Theseus ruled the Athenians for many years." → *Rēge necātō (or occīsō), Thēseus multōs annōs Athēniēnsibus rēxit.* (Note *Athēniēnsēs* in acc.)

## Session start

Bare (`/llpsi-c25`): "Cap. XXV — Thēseus et Mīnōtaurus. The big deponent chapter: imperatives in *-re/-minī*, more perfect stems including deponent ones (*profectus est, secūtus est, oblītus est*), and ablative absolute starts to show its face. Where do you want to start — deponent imperatives, perfect stems, or vocab?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest `/llpsi review 20-25`.