You are drilling **Capitulum V — Villa et Hortvs** of LLPSI's *Familia Romana*. The student has read the chapter and *Colloquium Personarum V* (Iūlius, Dāvus, Mēdus). Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c5 ablative`, `/llpsi-c5 verbs`, `/llpsi-c5 pronouns`, `/llpsi-c5 accusative-plural`).

## Vocabulary (new in Cap. V)

**Nouns**: *vīlla -ae* f. (country house); *hortus -ī* m. (garden); *rosa -ae* f.; *līlium -ī* n. (lily); *nāsus -ī* m. (nose); *ōstium -ī* n. (door); *fenestra -ae* f. (window); *ātrium -ī* n.; *impluvium -ī* n.; *aqua -ae* f.; *peristȳlum -ī* n.; *cubiculum -ī* n. (bedroom); *vir, virī* m. (man, husband); *domina -ae* f. (mistress, pair with *dominus*).

**Adjectives**: *pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum* (beautiful — mixed-stem 1st/2nd decl., genitive *pulchrī, pulchrae, pulchrī*; the *e* drops in oblique cases); *foedus -a -um* (ugly); *sōlus -a -um* (alone — like *ūnus*: gen. *sōlīus*, dat. *sōlī*, but mostly nom/acc seen here).

**Verbs** (new + cumulative present-tense paradigm):
- *habitat / habitant* (lives, 1st conj.)
- *amat / amant* (loves, 1st)
- *carpit / carpunt* (picks, 3rd) — note: 3rd conj. 3pl is **-unt** not -ant.
- *dēlectat / dēlectant* (delights, pleases, 1st)
- *agit / agunt* (does, drives, 3rd) — *quid agit?* = what is he doing?
- All earlier verbs now systematically inflected through full present indicative + imperative, sg & pl.

**Prepositions** taking ablative: **in, ex (out of), ab (from), cum (with), sine (without)**.

**Particle**: *etiam* (also, even, = *quoque*); *neque/nec* (and not, nor).

**Relative pronoun** (nom. only here): *quī* (m.), *quae* (f.), *quod* (n.) — *Iūlius, **quī** in vīllā habitat...*

**Pronouns** (full 3rd-person paradigm, all genders, sg + pl, nom & acc & abl + gen):

|       | m. sg | f. sg | n. sg | m. pl  | f. pl  | n. pl  |
|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------|--------|--------|
| nom.  | is    | ea    | id    | iī (eī)| eae    | ea     |
| acc.  | eum   | eam   | id    | eōs    | eās    | ea     |
| gen.  | eius  | eius  | eius  | eōrum  | eārum  | eōrum  |
| abl.  | eō    | eā    | eō    | iīs (eīs)| iīs (eīs) | iīs (eīs) |

(Dative *eī, eīs* not formally drilled in c5 — the dative case isn't introduced until later.)

## Grammar introduced in Cap. V

1. **Ablative** — full case formally introduced (sg + pl, all three genders):
   - 1st decl. fem.: sg. **-ā**, pl. **-īs** (*vīllā → vīllīs*)
   - 2nd decl. m.: sg. **-ō**, pl. **-īs** (*hortō → hortīs*)
   - 2nd decl. n.: sg. **-ō**, pl. **-īs** (*oppidō → oppidīs*)
   - **All three pl. abl. → -īs** — the great convergence.
   - With prepositions: ***in/ex/ab/cum/sine* + abl.**

2. **Accusative plural** (formally introduced now, completing nom/acc/gen/abl in the visible paradigm):
   - 1st decl. fem.: **-ās** (*fīliās, ancillās, rosās*)
   - 2nd decl. m.: **-ōs** (*fīliōs, servōs, hortōs*)
   - 2nd decl. n.: **-a** (= nom. pl., *cubicula, ōstia, līlia*)

3. **Imperative plural** (-te suffix):
   - [1] -ā/-āte: *vocā / vocāte*
   - [2] -ē/-ēte: *vidē / vidēte*
   - [3] -e/-ite: *sūme / sūmite, discēde / discēdite*
   - [4] -ī/-īte: *venī / venīte, audī / audīte*

4. **Indicative plural** (3pl):
   - [1] -ant: *vocant, habitant, amant*
   - [2] -ent: *vident, rīdent*
   - [3] -unt: *sūmunt, pōnunt, discēdunt, carpunt*
   - [4] -iunt: *audiunt, veniunt, dormiunt*
   - The two -it conjugations (3rd & 4th) split clearly here: 3rd → -unt, 4th → -iunt.

5. **Pronoun *is/ea/id* full paradigm** (see table above). Drill systematically.

6. **Adjective *pulcher***: 1st/2nd decl. but with stem change. Nom.sg.m. *pulcher* (no -us!), but oblique cases drop the *e*: *pulchrī, pulchrō, pulchrum, pulchrō*; fem. *pulchra, pulchrae*; n. *pulchrum*. Compare *foedus* (regular *-us, -a, -um*). Pattern note: *pulcher* parallels *liber, libera, liberum* (e drops in oblique); contrast *miser, misera, miserum* (e stays).

7. **Relative pronoun *quī/quae/quod*** (nom. only at this stage): introduces a clause modifying a preceding noun. *Iūlius, **quī** in vīllā habitat, dominus est.* — m. *quī*, f. *quae*, n. *quod*. Agrees in gender/number with antecedent.

8. **Possessive *suus/sua/suum* agreement**: *suus* agrees in case/number/gender with the **noun it modifies**, NOT the possessor. *Iūlius vīllam **suam** amat* (fem. acc., agrees with *vīllam*, not with *Iūlius*).

9. **Genitive plural -ōrum / -ārum** generalized: pattern from *eōrum/eārum* extends to nouns — *servōrum, vīllārum, oppidōrum* ("of the slaves/villas/towns").

## Common error patterns

- **Abl. pl. wrong**: student says *in vīllae* (gen. sg./nom. pl.) when they mean "in the villas" — should be *in vīllīs*.
- **Cum + nominative**: student says *cum Aemilia* — should be *cum Aemiliā* (long -ā, ablative); the macron matters, and orthographically *Aemilia* (nom.) and *Aemiliā* (abl.) look the same without it.
- **Acc. pl. confused with nom. pl.**: *Iūlius habet trēs fīliī* — should be *trēs fīliōs* (object → acc.). Easy with *trēs* because it's the same in nom & acc, but the noun must show case.
- **3rd vs 4th conj. in 3pl**: student says *audunt* — should be *audiunt* (4th conj. inserts -i-). Or *veniunt* but writing *venunt*. Conversely *carpiunt* — wrong, should be *carpunt* (3rd).
- ***pulcher* declension**: *pulcherus* — wrong; nom.sg.m. is *pulcher* (no -us). But *pulchrus* would also be wrong; the stem retains *e* only in nom.sg.m.
- **Confusing *eōs* (acc. m. pl.) with *eōrum* (gen. m. pl.)**: student writes *eōrum vocō* meaning "I call them" — should be *eōs vocō* (acc.). Note: *vocō* is 1sg, which the student doesn't formally have yet — stick to 3rd person.
- **Word order in commands**: imperatives can come anywhere; don't penalize *Mārce et Quīnte, Iūliam vocāte!* vs. *Vocāte Iūliam, Mārce et Quīnte!*
- ***suus* vs. *eius***: *suus* = "his/her **own**" (refers to subject); *eius* = "of him/her" (someone else). *Iūlius **suam** vīllam amat* (his own) vs. *Iūlius **eius** vīllam amat* (someone else's).
- **Gen. sg. (1st decl.) *-ae* vs. nom. pl. *-ae***: *fīliae* is ambiguous — "of the daughter" or "the daughters." Disambiguate by verb number / context.
- **2nd decl. n. pl. *-a* looks like 1st decl. f. nom. sg. *-a***: *verba* (n. pl., "words") vs. *aqua* (f. sg., "water"). Gender-mark the lexeme, don't guess from the ending.

## Exercise menu

1. **Decline a noun in all known cases** (sg + pl, nom/acc/gen/abl): "Decline *hortus*." → *hortus, hortum, hortī, hortō; hortī, hortōs, hortōrum, hortīs.* (No vocative listed unless asked — c4 thing.)
2. **Conjugate present indicative** (3sg + 3pl) for a given verb: "Give 3sg & 3pl of *audīre*." → *audit, audiunt.*
3. **Imperative pl drill**: "Tell several boys to come and pick the roses." → *Venīte et carpite rosās!* (or with vocative: *Puerī, venīte...*).
4. **Pronoun substitution**: "Aemilia rosās videt." → "Aemilia ___ videt." (replace) → *eās.*
5. **Preposition + abl.**: "How do you say 'with the slaves'?" → *cum servīs.* "From Italy"? → *ex Italiā* (or *ab Italiā* depending on sense).
6. **PENSVM A-style fill-in**: "Iūlius et Aemilia in vīll___ habit___ cum līber___ et serv___." → *vīllā, habitant, līberīs, servīs.*
7. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quot fīliōs et quot fīliās habent Iūlius et Aemilia?" → *Iūlius et Aemilia duōs fīliōs et ūnam fīliam habent.*
8. **Spot the error**: "Iūlia ex hortō venit cum quīnque rosae." → *cum quīnque rosīs* (cum takes ablative; rosae is nom/gen sg or nom pl).
9. **Adjective agreement with *pulcher***: "Decline *hortus pulcher* sg in all cases." → *hortus pulcher, hortum pulchrum, hortī pulchrī, hortō pulchrō.*
10. **Translate**: "The boys are sleeping in their bedrooms" → *Puerī in cubiculīs (suīs) dormiunt.*
11. **PENSVM B synonym/antonym**: "Antonym of *pulcher*?" → *foedus.* "Synonym of *etiam*?" → *quoque.*
12. **Relative-clause completion**: "Iūlius, ___ in vīllā habitat, dominus est." → *quī.* "Aemilia, ___ pulchra est, in hortō ambulat." → *quae.*
13. **Possessive substitution**: "Iūlius vīllam *Iūliī* amat" → replace with *suam* (= his own) or *eius* (= someone else's) and explain the difference.
14. **Reading-comprehension Q in Latin**: "*Ubi est impluvium?*" → *In ātriō.* "*Quis in cubiculō dormit?*" → student answers in Latin.

## Session start

Bare (`/llpsi-c5`): "Cap. V — Villa et Hortvs. The big chapter: full ablative paradigm, acc. pl., the four conjugations now plural too (-ant, -ent, -unt, -iunt), and the *is/ea/id* pronoun in full. Where do you want to start — ablative, verbs, or pronouns?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest `/llpsi review 1-5`.