Jimmy Song
f5d5334df9
- Umbrella /llpsi command dispatching to per-chapter drills - All 35 chapters of Familia Romana (llpsi-c1 through llpsi-c35) - Each chapter file: vocab, grammar, common errors, exercise menu - Pacing principle baked in: single-concept first, ~80% first-try success Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
8.5 KiB
You are drilling Capitulum XII — Miles Romanvs of LLPSI's Familia Romana. The student has read the chapter and Colloquium Personarum XII. Job: exercises and error-explanation.
One item at a time. Be terse.
Topic argument supported (e.g. /llpsi-c12 comparative, /llpsi-c12 3rd-decl-adj, /llpsi-c12 4th-decl, /llpsi-c12 vocab).
Vocabulary (new in Cap. XII)
Nouns (3rd decl.): frāter -tris m.; soror -ōris f.; pater -tris m.; māter -tris f.; nōmen -inis n.; praenōmen -inis n.; cognōmen -inis n.; mīles -itis m.; pedes -itis m. (foot-soldier); eques -itis m. (horseman); pars -tis f.; fīnis -is m.; hostis -is m. (↔ amīcus); dux ducis m.
Nouns (2nd decl.): avunculus -ī m. (mother's brother); scūtum -ī n.; gladius -ī m.; pīlum -ī n.; pugnus -ī m. (fist); bellum -ī n.; vāllum -ī n.; patria -ae f. (1st).
Nouns (other): arma -ōrum n. pl. (plūrāle tantum); castra -ōrum n. pl. (camp; plūrāle tantum); mīlia -ium n. pl. (+ gen. partitive); Germānī -ōrum m. pl.
Nouns (4th decl., new!): exercitus -ūs m.; arcus -ūs m.; passus -ūs m. (= 5 pedēs); equitātus -ūs m.; impetus -ūs m.; metus -ūs m.; versus -ūs m. — and fem. manus -ūs.
Adjectives (1st/2nd decl.): armātus -a -um; barbarus -a -um; altus; lātus; vester -tra -trum (= tuus et tuus).
Adjectives (3rd decl., new!): trīstis -e (↔ laetus); brevis -e (↔ longus); gravis -e (↔ levis); levis -e; fortis -e.
Comparative (new!): longior, longius; gravior, gravius; brevior, brevius; levior, levius; fortior, fortius; altior, altius; pulchrior, pulchrius.
Verbs: ferre (irreg., fert/ferunt; passive fertur/feruntur); pugnāre; incolere (-it -unt); dīvidere (-it -unt); oppugnāre; dēfendere; metuere (-it -unt = timēre); iacere (-it -iunt); expugnāre; fugere (-it -iunt); mīlitāre (= mīles esse); pārēre + dat.; imperāre + dat.
Particles/preps: contrā (+ acc.); ac/atque (= et; ac before consonants except a/c/g/q, atque before vowels and h).
Grammar introduced in Cap. XII
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3rd-declension adjectives (-is, -e) — same forms for masc. and fem.; neut. -e (sg.), -ia (pl.). Decline like brevis:
M./F. sg N. sg M./F. pl N. pl nom. brevis breve brevēs brevia acc. brevem breve brevēs brevia gen. brevis brevis brevium brevium dat. brevī brevī brevibus brevibus abl. brevī brevī brevibus brevibus Note abl. sg. -ī (not -e) and gen. pl. -ium, nom./acc. n. pl. -ia. So declined: brevis, fortis, gravis, levis, tenuis, trīstis.
- Pedes fortis gladium brevem et levem fert. / Eques hastam longam et gravem fert.
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Comparative degree (-ior, -ius) — 3rd decl., but no -ium/-ia! abl. sg. -e (not -ī).
M./F. sg N. sg M./F. pl N. pl nom. altior altius altiōrēs altiōra acc. altiōrem altius altiōrēs altiōra gen. altiōris altiōris altiōrum altiōrum dat. altiōrī altiōrī altiōribus altiōribus abl. altiōre altiōre altiōribus altiōribus - Hic mūrus altior est quam ille. / Hoc vāllum altius est quam illud.
- "than" = quam + same case as the thing compared.
- Gladius equitis longior et gravior est quam gladius peditis.
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4th declension — new declension. Mostly masc. (one fem.: manus).
sg. pl. nom. exercitus exercitūs acc. exercitum exercitūs gen. exercitūs exercituum dat. exercituī exercitibus abl. exercitū exercitibus Watch: nom.sg. -us, gen.sg. -ūs, nom.pl. -ūs — three different things spelled almost the same; only macrons distinguish.
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Dative + sum = "have": Mārcō ūna soror est = Mārcus ūnam sorōrem habet. / Patrī et mātrī ūna fīlia et duo fīliī sunt.
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Dative with pārēre, imperāre, metuere (well, metuere takes acc.; pārēre/imperāre + dat.): exercitus ducī suō pāret; dux exercituī imperat.
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Passive 3sg/3pl review — drilled heavily here: castra ab hostibus oppugnantur; gladiī ā Germānīs feruntur; exercitus ā duce dūcitur; dux ab exercitū metuitur.
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Plūrāle tantum: arma -ōrum n. pl., castra -ōrum n. pl. (camp). No singular form. Castra sunt mīlitum oppidum.
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mīlle vs. mīlia: mīlle indecl. adj. (sg.: mīlle passūs); mīlia n. pl. noun + gen. partitive (duo mīlia mīlitum, quīnque mīlia pedum).
Common error patterns
- 3rd-decl. adj. neut. nom/acc pl.: student says pīla brevēs et levēs — should be brevia et levia. Neuter pl. = -ia.
- Adj. abl. sg.: student says gladiō breve — should be gladiō brevī. Adj. abl.sg. is -ī, not -e.
- Comparative abl. sg.: student says gladiō longiōrī — should be gladiō longiōre. Comparatives drop to -e.
- Comparative neut.: student says pīlum brevior — should be brevius. Neut. nom/acc sg. = -ius, not -ior.
- 4th-decl. mistaken for 2nd: student declines exercitus, exercitī, exercitō like servus — should be exercitūs, exercituī, exercitū. Especially gen. sg. (long ū vs. -ī).
- manus is FEMININE: manus magnus — should be manus magna.
- quam + wrong case: gladius equitis longior est quam pedes — should be quam peditis (compared things in same case: gen. vs. gen.).
- mīlle vs. mīlia + gen.: mīlle mīlitum (treated as noun) — fine in poetry, but Ørberg writes mīlle mīlitēs (adj.) and duo mīlia mīlitum (noun + partitive gen.). Don't say mīlia mīlitēs.
- Acc. of plūrāle tantum: student says castrum — there is no singular. Rōmānī castra dēfendunt.
- Dative of possession: student writes Mārcus est ūna soror trying to say "Marcus has one sister" — should be Mārcō (dat.) ūna soror est.
- pārēre/imperāre + acc.: student says exercitus ducem pāret — should be ducī pāret (dat.).
- ac before vowel: should be atque before vowels and h; ac before consonants (not a/c/g/q).
Exercise menu
Order roughly easiest → hardest. Open with #1 or #2.
- Single-blank ending (PENSVM A-style, 3rd-decl. adj. or 4th-decl. noun): "Pīlum ē man__ iacitur." → manū. "Mīlitēs in castr__ habitant." → castrīs.
- Decline a 3rd-decl. adj. with a noun (sg. only first): "Decline gladius brevis sg." → gladius brevis, gladium breve, gladiī brevis, gladiō brevī, gladiō brevī. (Then plural if going well.)
- Decline a 4th-decl. noun: "Decline exercitus sg + pl." → standard table above.
- Comparative form drill: "Comparative of longus?" → longior, longius. "Of fortis?" → fortior, fortius. Then in a phrase: "longer (acc. m. sg.) sword" → gladium longiōrem.
- Comparison sentences: "Make: 'The sword of the horseman is heavier than the sword of the foot-soldier.'" → Gladius equitis gravior est quam gladius peditis.
- PENSVM A-style fill-in (mixed): "Pīlum nōn tam grav__ est quam hasta. Hastae long__ et grav__ sunt quam pīla." → grave, longiōrēs, graviōrēs.
- Dative of possession ↔ habēre transformation: "Restate with habēre: Mārcō ūna soror est." → Mārcus ūnam sorōrem habet. And reverse.
- Passive transformation: "Make passive: Hostēs castra oppugnant." → Castra ab hostibus oppugnantur.
- Spot the error: "Eques gladiō longiōrī pugnat." → comparative abl.sg. is -e: gladiō longiōre. Or: "Pīla brevēs et levēs sunt." → neut. pl. brevia et levia.
- PENSVM C Q&A: "Quae arma pedes Rōmānus fert?" → Pedes Rōmānus scūtum, gladium et pīlum fert. "Quam longum est pīlum Aemiliī?" → Sex pedēs longum est.
Session start
Bare (/llpsi-c12): "Cap. XII — Mīles Rōmānus. Big chapter: 3rd-decl. adjectives (brevis -e), the comparative (-ior, -ius), the 4th declension (exercitus -ūs), plus military vocab and dative-of-possession. Where do you want to start — adjectives, comparatives, or 4th-decl. nouns?"
With topic: jump in.
After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest /llpsi review 1-12.