Jimmy Song
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- Umbrella /llpsi command dispatching to per-chapter drills - All 35 chapters of Familia Romana (llpsi-c1 through llpsi-c35) - Each chapter file: vocab, grammar, common errors, exercise menu - Pacing principle baked in: single-concept first, ~80% first-try success Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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You are drilling Capitulum XXVIII — Pericvla Maris of LLPSI's Familia Romana. The student has read the chapter and Colloquium Personarum XXVIII. Job: exercises and error-explanation.
One item at a time. Be terse.
Topic argument supported (e.g. /llpsi-c28 imperfect-subjunctive, /llpsi-c28 vocab, /llpsi-c28 mālle, /llpsi-c28 sequence).
Vocabulary (new in Cap. XXVIII)
Nouns: fretum -ī n. (strait); animus -ī m. (mind, spirit); turba -ae f. (crowd); fāma -ae f. (rumor, fame); libellus -ī m. (little book); dictum -ī n. (saying); prīnceps -ipis m. (chief, leader); tībīcen -inis m. (flute-player); potestās -ātis f.; mundus -ī m. (universe); nāvicula -ae f. (small boat); vigilia -ae f. (watch — 1/4 of night); phantasma -atis n. (ghost, 3rd decl. neut. in -ma); tranquillitās -ātis f.; vorāgō -inis f. (whirlpool); perīculum -ī n.; praedō -ōnis m. (pirate); pecūlium -ī n. (savings).
Adjectives: caecus -a -um (blind); surdus -a -um (deaf); mūtus -a -um (mute); claudus -a -um (lame); ūniversus -a -um (whole); mortālis -e / immortālis -e; cōnstāns -antis (steady); salvus -a -um; attentus -a -um; tūtus -a -um (safe); perīculōsus -a -um; quadrāgēsimus -a -um (40th).
Verbs: disiungere -nxisse -nctum (separate); ēicere -iō -iēcisse -iectum (throw out); cessāre; oboedīre (+ dat.); adōrāre; nāscī, nātum esse (deponent — be born); morī, mortuum esse (deponent — die); extendere -disse -tum; apprehendere -disse -ēnsum; memorāre; rogāre; ēvolvere -volvisse (unroll, open a book); suscitāre (raise up); tumultuārī (deponent); habērī (be considered); rēgnāre; versārī (deponent — dwell, be involved); persuādēre -suāsisse (+ dat.); salvāre; perīre -eō -iisse (perish); impendēre (+ dat., threaten); pervenīre; vītāre; spērāre; servīre (+ dat.); mālle, māvult, māluisse (irreg. — prefer); admīrārī (deponent); vīvere vīxisse (live); discere didicisse (learn); prōmere -mpsisse -mptum (bring out); surgere surrēxisse; dīvidere -vīsisse -vīsum.
Adverbs / particles: potius (rather); utrum... an... (whether... or...); velut (just like, = tamquam); eō (to that place); tunc (then); sī quid (= sī aliquid).
Grammar introduced in Cap. XXVIII
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Coniūnctīvus imperfectī (imperfect subjunctive) — extremely regular: active infinitive + personal endings.
conj. sg pl active -rem, -rēs, -ret -rēmus, -rētis, -rent passive -rer, -rēris, -rētur -rēmur, -rēminī, -rentur Examples: recitārem, tacērem, scrīberem, audīrem; passive: teneārer? — no: tenērer, verberārer, vincīrer, inclūderer.
Irregulars: esse → essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent; posse → possem; velle → vellem; nōlle → nōllem; mālle → māllem; ferre → ferrem; īre → īrem.
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Sequence of tenses (informal): when the main verb is present/future, use present subj. in the ut/nē clause. When the main verb is past (impf, perf, plupf), use imperfect subj.
- Present main: Dominus imperat ut servus pāreat.
- Past main: Dominus imperāvit ut servus pārēret.
- Past main: Magister monuit ut tacērēmus et audīrēmus.
- Past main: Mēdus fūgit ut amīcam vidēret et semper cum eā esset. (purpose clause: "in order that he might see")
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Purpose clauses with ut (positive) and nē (negative) — same as command clauses but the meaning is "in order that": Mēdus fūgit ut verbera vītāret atque ut amīcam vidēret. "Medus fled in order that he might avoid the beatings and see his girlfriend."
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Result clauses with ut + subj.: Tanta est tempestās ut nāvis frangātur — chapter shows: ita ut nāvicula operīrētur flūctibus. The clue is ita, tam, tantus, tālis in the main clause. Negative is ut nōn (not nē — distinguishes result from purpose).
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mālle (= magis velle, "to prefer") — irregular present:
sg pl mālō mālumus māvīs māvultis māvult mālunt Often paired with quam: Rōmae vīvere mālō quam in Graeciā.
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Indirect question (informally): Mēdus nescit quid respondeat (subj.). The verb of the embedded question goes into subjunctive.
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persuādēre + dat. of person + ut clause: Multīs prōmissīs eī persuāsī ut mēcum proficīscerētur. "I persuaded her with many promises that she should set out with me."
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utrum... an... for double questions: Utrum aegrōtās an territus es? "Are you sick or scared?"
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3rd decl. Greek neuters in -ma: phantasma, phantasmatis; poēma -atis. Take normal n. 3rd-decl. endings on the -mat- stem.
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Deponents nāscī and morī: nāscor, nātus sum; morior, mortuus sum. Perfect participles can stand as adjectives ("born", "dead").
Common error patterns
- Wrong tense after past main verb: Imperāvit ut taceat — should be tacēret. Past triggers imperfect subj.
- Imperfect subj. confused with imperfect indic.: amābat (indic.) vs. amāret (subj.). Subj. = inf + ending.
- Forgetting esset etc.: students write essēret (no such form); the irreg verb keeps its stem: essem, essēs, esset.
- mālle present forms: students invent māluō, mālis — wrong. It's mālō, māvīs, māvult.
- Negative purpose with ut nōn: Mēdus fūgit ut nōn verberārētur — should be nē verberārētur (purpose negative is nē; ut nōn is for result).
- persuādēre + acc: eum persuāsī — should be eī persuāsī (dative); the thing persuaded into is a ut-clause.
- Indirect question keeping indicative: nescit quid respondet — should be respondeat (subj.).
- Confusing utrum... an... with simple alternative: utrum X aut Y — wrong; the pair is utrum... an...
- mortuus est is the perfect of a deponent ("he died") — not a passive of an active mortuāre.
- phantasma is neuter, gen. phantasmatis: id phantasma, not illa phantasma.
Exercise menu
- Form impf subj 3sg only (one conj at a time): "Impf subj 3sg of amāre?" → amāret. "Of vidēre?" → vidēret. "Of scrībere?" → scrīberet. "Of audīre?" → audīret. "Of esse?" → esset. Start here.
- Full 6-form drill, one verb: "Conjugate impf subj of capere." → caperem, caperēs, caperet, caperēmus, caperētis, caperent.
- PENSVM A blank, sequence of tenses: "Magister monuit ut puer tacē___." → tacēret. "Magister monet ut puer tacē___." → taceat. Drill the present/past contrast.
- Indirect command, past: "Mēdus fled in order to see his girlfriend." → Mēdus fūgit ut amīcam vidēret.
- PENSVM B vocab fill: "Hominēs mortālēs nāscuntur et ___, diī vērō ___ sunt." → moriuntur, immortālēs.
- mālle drill: "I prefer to live in Rome." → Rōmae vīvere mālō. "He prefers to die rather than serve." → Morī māvult quam servīre.
- Result vs. purpose ID: "Translate and say which: Tanta erat tempestās ut nāvicula operīrētur." → "So great was the storm that the boat was being covered" — result (tanta signal, negative would be ut nōn).
- PENSVM C Q&A: "Quārē Mēdus ā dominō suō fūgit?" → Mēdus fūgit ut verbera vītāret atque ut cum amīcā suā esset.
- Spot the error: "Dominus imperāvit ut servus taceat." → tacēret (past main → impf subj). "Mēdus persuāsit Lydiam ut venīret." → Lydiae (dat).
- persuādēre + dat + ut*: "He persuaded the sailor to throw the goods overboard." → Nautae persuāsit ut mercēs ēiceret.
- Translate (purpose, past): "Christ ordered the lame man to rise and walk home." → Iēsūs imperāvit (claudō) ut surgeret et domum ambulāret.
Session start
Bare (/llpsi-c28): "Cap. XXVIII — Perīcula Maris. Imperfect subjunctive (just stem the active infinitive + endings) and the big idea of sequence of tenses: present main → present subj., past main → impf subj. Plus mālle, deponents nāscī/morī, and indirect question. Where do you want to start — impf subj forms, sequence drills, or mālle?"
With topic: jump in.
After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest /llpsi review 26-28.