Fill coverage gaps in chapters 1-11

Audited each chapter file against actual LLPSI Familia Romana content
using parallel reviewers (Claude general-purpose subagents, codex, gemini).
Each chapter gained missing vocabulary, grammar points, common-error
patterns, and exercise types. ~190 lines added across 11 files.

Highlights per chapter:
- c1: geography proper nouns, -us fem. exceptions, num-question answer pattern
- c2: -er paradigm contrast (puer/vir/liber), -que rewrite drill
- c3: interrog. vs. relative quem, neque rewrite
- c4: nullus/UNUS NAUTA, -ius vocative, eius/suus contrast
- c5: relative pron. (nom.), suus agreement, -ae ambiguity
- c6: passus 4th-decl preview, mille/milia, autem postpositive
- c7: cui drill, plenus + gen., quod (because/relative/interrog.) trap
- c8: hic/ille discourse force, UNUS NAUTA class, quantus/quot trap
- c9: stem recovery from gen., ipse emphasis target, sub + abl. for location
- c10: fera vs. ferus, abesse/adesse/ire infinitives, quia/quod synonymy
- c11: full posse paradigm, dat. of reference (mihi dolet), gaudere syntax

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

llpsi-c9.md

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 - m.: *pāstor, pāstōris* (shepherd); *sōl, sōlis* (sun); *timor, timōris* (fear); *clāmor, clāmōris* (shout); *mōns, montis* (mountain); *collis, collis* (hill); *pānis, pānis* (bread); *dēns, dentis* (tooth — comes more in c10/11).
 - f.: *ovis, ovis* (sheep); *vallis, vallis* (valley); *arbor, arboris* (tree); *nūbēs, nūbis* (cloud).
 - *canis, canis* (m./f., dog) — gen. pl. irreg. *canum*, not *canium*.
+- *grex, gregis* m. (flock — used for the shepherd's sheep).
 
 **Nouns — 2nd decl. (new)**: *campus -ī* m. (field); *cibus -ī* m. (food); *rīvus -ī* m. (stream); *lupus -ī* m. (wolf); *caelum -ī* n. (sky); *vestīgium -ī* n. (footprint); *modus -ī* m. (way, manner — *hōc modō* "in this way").
 
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 - *bālat / bālant* (bleats, 1st)
 - *accurrit / accurrunt* (runs to, 3rd, *ad-currit*)
 - *impōnit / impōnunt* (places upon, *in-pōnit*)
+- *cūstōdit / cūstōdiunt* (guards, watches over, 4th)
 
 **Pronoun**: *ipse, ipsa, ipsum* (-self, intensive — same endings as *ille*).
 
@@ -66,6 +68,8 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 
 2. **Recognizing 3rd-decl. nouns from gen. sg.**: nom. and gen. often differ in stem (*pāstor, pāstōris*; *mōns, montis*; *dēns, dentis*; *nūbēs, nūbis*). Always learn the gen. with the noun.
 
+   **Stem recovery rule**: in 3rd decl. the stem comes from the **gen.**, not the nom. Drop *-is* from the gen. sg.: *montis* → stem *mont-*; *nūbis* → *nūb-*; *dentis* → *dent-*; *gregis* → *greg-*; *pāstōris* → *pāstōr-*. Every other case is built on that stem.
+
 3. **Gender in 3rd decl.**: not predictable from ending — must be memorized. f.: *ovis, vallis, nūbēs, arbor*; m.: *pāstor, sōl, timor, clāmor, pānis, collis, mōns, dēns, canis*.
 
 4. **Formal review of all three declensions** (Grammatica section makes this explicit):
@@ -75,6 +79,8 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 
 5. ***ipse, ipsa, ipsum*** ("-self," intensive — not reflexive!) — same endings as *ille* (gen. sg. *ipsīus*, dat. sg. *ipsī*). *Ovis lupum ipsum videt.* "The sheep sees the wolf himself." Different from reflexive *sē*.
 
+   **Agreement of *ipse***: agrees with the noun being **emphasized**, not necessarily the subject. *Pāstor lupum ipsum videt* — emphasis on the wolf ("the wolf himself"). *Pāstor ipse lupum videt* — emphasis on the shepherd ("the shepherd himself"). Position + agreement together do the work.
+
 6. ***dum* + present indicative** = "while": *Dum pāstor dormit, ovis abit.* "While the shepherd sleeps, the sheep goes off."
 
 7. ***ut* + nom.** = "like, as": *Oculī lupī lūcent ut gemmae.* "The wolf's eyes shine like gems." (Comparison/simile.)
@@ -94,6 +100,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 - ***ipse* confused with *sē***: *Ovis sē videt* = "the sheep sees herself" (reflexive). *Ovis lupum ipsum videt* = "the sheep sees the wolf himself" (intensive). Different jobs.
 - ***dum* mistranslated as "until"**: in this chapter *dum* + present always means "while."
 - ***mōns / dēns* nominative drops -t-**: nom. sg. *mōns* (< *monts*), gen. *montis*. Don't write *montis* for nom. or *mōns* for gen.
+- **Assuming every 3rd-decl. *-is* noun is i-stem (or every one is consonant-stem)**: must check. *ovis, collis, vallis, pānis* are i-stem (gen. pl. *-ium*); but *canis* is consonant-stem (gen. pl. *canum*). Memorize gen. pl. with the noun.
+- **Misparsing *nūbēs* as only plural**: sg. nom. is also *nūbēs* (3rd-decl. f. with *-ēs* nom. sg.). Context decides. *Nūbēs in caelō est* (sg.) vs. *Nūbēs in caelō sunt* (pl.).
+- ***ipse* default-agreeing with the subject**: don't auto-attach to the subject. Agree with whatever noun is being emphasized. *Lupus ovem ipsam ēst* = "the wolf eats the very sheep" — *ipsam* with *ovem*, not *lupus*.
+- **Using *sub* + acc. for static "under"**: in this chapter "under" = location (no motion), so *sub* + **abl.** *Pāstor sub arbore dormit* (correct, abl.); *sub arborem dormit* (wrong — that would be motion, "down under to the tree").
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -107,6 +117,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 8. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quot ovēs habet pāstor?" → *Centum ovēs (habet) — ūnam nigram et ūndēcentum albās.* "Cūr lupus ovem nigram nōn ēst?" → *Quia canis accurrit (et lupum petit).*
 9. **Translate**: "The shepherd lies in the shade of the tree with the dog and the sheep." → *Pāstor in umbrā arboris cum cane et ovibus iacet.* "The wolves seek the sheep through the forest." → *Lupī ovēs per silvam petunt / quaerunt.*
 10. **Convert clauses with *dum***: "While the shepherd sleeps, the dog watches." (give simpler vocab) → *Dum pāstor dormit, canis aspicit / spectat.* "While the wolf seeks food, the dog runs up." → *Dum lupus cibum quaerit, canis accurrit.*
+11. **Stem-recovery drill**: give nom./gen. pair, ask for stem. *mōns / montis* → *mont-.* *nūbēs / nūbis* → *nūb-.* *grex / gregis* → *greg-.* *dēns / dentis* → *dent-.* *pāstor / pāstōris* → *pāstōr-.*
+12. **Sort consonant-stem vs. i-stem (gen. pl. *-um* vs. *-ium*)**: give a list, ask the student to bin each. *pāstor, ovis, arbor, mōns, canis, collis, vallis, nūbēs, sōl, pānis* → consonant: *pāstor, arbor, canis, sōl*; i-stem: *ovis, mōns, collis, vallis, nūbēs, pānis.*
+13. **Scene-description with chapter geography**: prompt the student to describe a picture using *sub arbore, suprā montem, in valle, dum pāstor dormit*. E.g. "Pāstor sub arbore dormit; suprā montem sōl lūcet; dum pāstor dormit, lupus ē silvā venit."
+14. **Contrast *sē* vs. *ipse/ipsa/ipsum* (near-minimal pairs)**: "Pāstor ___ videt." (himself, reflexive) → *sē.* "Pāstor lupum ___ videt." (the wolf himself) → *ipsum.* "Ovis ___ in rīvō videt." (herself) → *sē.* "Ovis lupum ___ timet." (the wolf himself) → *ipsum.*
 
 ## Session start