Fill coverage gaps in chapters 1-11

Audited each chapter file against actual LLPSI Familia Romana content
using parallel reviewers (Claude general-purpose subagents, codex, gemini).
Each chapter gained missing vocabulary, grammar points, common-error
patterns, and exercise types. ~190 lines added across 11 files.

Highlights per chapter:
- c1: geography proper nouns, -us fem. exceptions, num-question answer pattern
- c2: -er paradigm contrast (puer/vir/liber), -que rewrite drill
- c3: interrog. vs. relative quem, neque rewrite
- c4: nullus/UNUS NAUTA, -ius vocative, eius/suus contrast
- c5: relative pron. (nom.), suus agreement, -ae ambiguity
- c6: passus 4th-decl preview, mille/milia, autem postpositive
- c7: cui drill, plenus + gen., quod (because/relative/interrog.) trap
- c8: hic/ille discourse force, UNUS NAUTA class, quantus/quot trap
- c9: stem recovery from gen., ipse emphasis target, sub + abl. for location
- c10: fera vs. ferus, abesse/adesse/ire infinitives, quia/quod synonymy
- c11: full posse paradigm, dat. of reference (mihi dolet), gaudere syntax

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

llpsi-c1.md

@@ -11,6 +11,14 @@ If invoked with a topic argument (e.g. `/llpsi-c1 nominative`), focus on that. O
 - *īnsula -ae* f. (island); *prōvincia -ae* f.; *littera -ae* f. (letter of alphabet); *grammatica -ae* f.; *syllaba -ae* f.
 - *oppidum -ī* n. (town); *imperium -ī* n.; *vocābulum -ī* n. (word); *capitulum -ī* n. (chapter); *exemplum -ī* n.; *pēnsum -ī* n.
 
+**Geography proper nouns**:
+- Continents: *Eurōpa -ae* f.; *Asia -ae* f.; *Āfrica -ae* f.
+- Countries/regions: *Hispānia, Gallia, Germānia, Graecia, Italia, Syria, Arabia* (all -ae f.)
+- Islands/provinces: *Crēta -ae* f.; *Rhodus -ī* f. (-us but **fem.**); *Sicilia, Sardinia, Britannia* (-ae f.)
+- Oppida: *Brundisium -ī* n.; *Tūsculum -ī* n.; *Sparta -ae* f.
+- Fluviī: *Nīlus, Rhēnus, Dānuvius* (all -ī m.); *Tiberis* — 3rd-decl., recognition only
+- *Aegyptus -ī* **f.** (cities/islands convention — -us but feminine)
+
 **Adjectives** (1st/2nd decl. -us -a -um):
 - *magnus, parvus, multī (pl. only sense), paucī, Graecus, Rōmānus, Latīnus, prīmus, secundus, tertius*
 
@@ -18,7 +26,7 @@ If invoked with a topic argument (e.g. `/llpsi-c1 nominative`), focus on that. O
 
 **Verbs**: *est, sunt* only.
 
-**Particles & function words**: *in* (+ abl.), *et, sed, nōn, quoque, -ne?, num...?, ubi?, quid?*
+**Particles & function words**: *in* (+ abl.), *et, sed, aut, nōn, quoque, -ne?, num...?, ubi?, quid?*
 
 **Other**: *singulāris, plūrālis*
 
@@ -45,6 +53,14 @@ If invoked with a topic argument (e.g. `/llpsi-c1 nominative`), focus on that. O
 
 6. **Word order**: subject + complement + *est/sunt* is most common, but Ørberg shuffles for emphasis. Don't penalize a different (grammatical) order.
 
+7. ***-us* gender exceptions**: *Aegyptus, Rhodus, Corinthus* are **feminine** (cities/islands convention). Adj. must be fem.: *Aegyptus magna est*, not *\*magnus*.
+
+8. **3rd-decl. proper nouns** (*Tiberis, Carthāgō*): recognition only — full declension comes in Cap. IX.
+
+9. ***-ne* placement**: appended to the **focused** word (often the verb), not always literally first. *Estne...?* is common but *Italiāne...?* etc. are valid.
+
+10. ***num*-question answer pattern**: expects a **negative** answer. *Num Italia in Āfricā est? — Nōn est.* (not *Ita*).
+
 ## Common error patterns to call out
 
 - **Wrong gender ending on adjective**: e.g. student writes *īnsula magnus* — explain that *īnsula* is feminine, so the adj. must be *magna*; the *-us* form is masculine.
@@ -52,6 +68,9 @@ If invoked with a topic argument (e.g. `/llpsi-c1 nominative`), focus on that. O
 - ***-a* ambiguity**: *-a* could be 1st-decl. fem. nom. sg. OR 2nd-decl. neut. nom. pl. Use context (singular vs. plural verb, accompanying adjective form) to disambiguate.
 - **in + nominative**: if student writes *in Italia* (without macron) intending the place, accept it but note that the abl. *Italiā* has a long *ā* and the macron matters in writing.
 - **Macrons**: accept answers without macrons; mention the correct macron once per session, not every time.
+- **Treating *Aegyptus* as masculine**: produces *\*Aegyptus magnus*; correct is *Aegyptus magna* (cities/islands fem.).
+- **Mis-answering *num*-questions affirmatively**: saying *Ita* instead of *Nōn* — *num* primes a negative answer.
+- **Confusing *quid?* (what) with *ubi?* (where)**: *Quid est Nīlus?* → *fluvius*; *Ubi est Nīlus?* → *in Āfricā*.
 
 ## Exercise menu (rotate)
 
@@ -61,6 +80,9 @@ If invoked with a topic argument (e.g. `/llpsi-c1 nominative`), focus on that. O
 4. **Inflect**: "Give the plural of *oppidum magnum*." → *oppida magna.*
 5. **Spot the error**: "Crēta et Rhodus īnsulae magnus sunt." → *magnae* (must agree pl. fem.).
 6. **English → Latin (limited, since student is in natural-method mode)**: "How do you say 'Italy is in Europe' in Latin?" — only use sparingly.
+7. **Map/geography Q&A**: "Quid est Nīlus?" → *fluvius*; "Ubi est Nīlus?" → *in Āfricā*. Mix *quid?* and *ubi?*.
+8. ***num*-answer-shape drill**: pose a *num*-question; student must produce a negative answer (*Nōn est* / *... nōn est*).
+9. **Singular ↔ plural transformation**: *fluvius magnus est → fluviī magnī sunt*; *oppidum parvum est → oppida parva sunt*.
 
 ## Session start
 

llpsi-c10.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c10 infinitive`, `/llpsi-c10 acc-inf`, `/
 
 **Nouns — 2nd decl.**: *asinus -ī* m. (ass); *deus -ī* m. (god); *nīdus -ī* m. (nest); *rāmus -ī* m. (branch); *folium -ī* n. (leaf); *ōvum -ī* n. (egg); *pullus -ī* m. (chick, young); *petasus -ī* m. (winged hat).
 
-**Nouns — 1st decl.**: *bēstia -ae* f. (beast); *aquila -ae* f. (eagle); *āla -ae* f. (wing); *cauda -ae* f. (tail); *anima -ae* f. (breath, soul); *pila -ae* f. (ball).
+**Nouns — 1st decl.**: *bēstia -ae* f. (beast); *fera -ae* f. (wild animal — distinct from adj. *ferus*); *aquila -ae* f. (eagle); *āla -ae* f. (wing); *cauda -ae* f. (tail); *anima -ae* f. (breath, soul); *pila -ae* f. (ball).
 
 **Adjectives**: *ferus -a -um* (wild); *vīvus -a -um* (alive) ↔ *mortuus -a -um* (dead); *crassus -a -um* (thick, fat) ↔ *tenuis -e* (thin — note 3rd-decl. adj., -is/-e endings); *perterritus -a -um* (terrified).
 
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c10 infinitive`, `/llpsi-c10 acc-inf`, `/
 - *posse* (to be able): *potest / possunt.*
 - *velle* (to want): *vult / volunt.* (Only 3sg/3pl shown.)
 - *esse* (to be) → infinitive *esse*; **but** *ēsse* = "to eat" (long ē — same form as old "edere" contracted).
+- *abesse* (to be away — inf. of *abest/absunt*); *adesse* (to be present — inf. of *adest/adsunt*).
+- *īre* (to go — inf. of *it/eunt*).
 
 **Particles**: *enim* (postpositive, "for"); *ergō* (therefore); *cum* + indic. (when); *quod* (because); *necesse est* + dat. + inf. (it is necessary for).
 
@@ -93,6 +95,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c10 infinitive`, `/llpsi-c10 acc-inf`, `/
 
 10. ***necesse est*** + dat. of person + infinitive: "it is necessary for X to ___." *Spīrāre necesse est hominī.* "Breathing is necessary for a human."
 
+11. **Infinitive as subject**: the inf. itself can be the grammatical subject of *est* / *necesse est*. *Vīvere necesse est.* ("To live is necessary.") *Errāre hūmānum est.*
+
+12. ***cum*** + indic. as temporal "when/whenever" — distinct from *cum* + abl. preposition ("with"). *Cum sōl lūcet, avēs canunt.*
+
 ## Common error patterns
 
 - **Confusing infinitive endings -ere vs. -ēre** (3rd vs. 2nd conj.): *vidēre* (2nd, long ē) vs. *vīvere* (3rd, short e). Without macrons, only memory tells you. *vidēre potest, vīvere potest.*
@@ -105,6 +111,9 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c10 infinitive`, `/llpsi-c10 acc-inf`, `/
 - ***homō* declension**: *homō, hominis* — student writes *homonem* — wrong; acc. is *hominem* (vowel change in stem). Pl. *hominēs, hominum.*
 - ***quod* (because) vs. *quod* (n. relative)**: same form. Context: *quod* + clause with finite verb usually = "because"; *quod* with antecedent noun = relative.
 - **Translating "wants" with present of *amāre***: *Iūlia lūdere amat* — wrong; use *vult: Iūlia lūdere vult.*
+- **Acc. of *āer***: students assume 1st-decl. *āeram* — wrong; *āēr* is 3rd decl., acc. *āerem*.
+- **Mixing *volāre* (to fly) with *velle* (to want)** because of similar *vol-* root: *aquila volat* (flies) vs. *aquila volat capere* — wrong; "wants to" is *vult* (*aquila capere vult*).
+- ***quia* vs. *quod***: both = "because" and are largely interchangeable; don't treat them as different in meaning.
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -118,6 +127,9 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c10 infinitive`, `/llpsi-c10 acc-inf`, `/
 8. **3rd-decl. forms (more)**: "Decline *homō* sg + pl." → *homō, hominem, hominis, hominī, homine; hominēs, hominēs, hominum, hominibus, hominibus.* Same for *leō, vōx, pēs, mare, animal.*
 9. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quae bēstiae ōva pariunt?" → *Avēs (ōva pariunt).* "Cūr rāmus Quīntum sustinēre nōn potest?" → *Quia rāmus tenuis est et Quīntus crassus est.* "Quid agit Mercurius?" → *Mercurius volat / imperia deōrum (ad hominēs) portat.*
 10. **Translate (using acc.+inf.)**: "Marcus sees Quintus fall to the ground." → *Mārcus Quīntum ad terram cadere videt.* "Aemilia sees Quintus being placed on the bed." → *Aemilia Quīntum in lectō pōnī videt / aspicit.* "Julius hears the boy shouting." → *Iūlius puerum clāmāre audit.*
+11. **PENSVM B cloze**: contextual vocab fills from the chapter. "Aquila est avis magna quae ___ habet et ___ potest." → *ālās, volāre.* "Piscēs in ___ natant; in āere spīrāre nōn ___." → *aquā / marī, possunt.*
+12. ***quia* ↔ *quod* swap**: convert *quia*-clause to *quod*-clause (and vice versa). "Canis volāre nōn potest, *quia* ālās nōn habet." → *...quod ālās nōn habet.* "Quīntus cadit *quod* rāmus tenuis est." → *...quia rāmus tenuis est.*
+13. **Conjugation ID by stress / vowel length**: pronounce inf. with correct stress; mark macron. "*videre* — mark macron + conj.?" → *vidēre*, 2nd (long ē, stressed). "*vivere*?" → *vīvere*, 3rd (short e, antepenult stress). Cycle: *movēre / pōnere, sustinēre / cadere, audēre / ascendere*.
 
 ## Session start
 

llpsi-c11.md

@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c11 body`, `/llpsi-c11 acc-inf`, `/llpsi-
 - *auris, auris* f. (ear — i-stem)
 
 **Body parts — others**:
-- *bracchium -ī* n. (arm); *membrum -ī* n. (limb); *capillus -ī* m. (hair); *gena -ae* f. (cheek); *cerebrum -ī* n. (brain); *labrum -ī* n. (lip); *lingua -ae* f. (tongue); *vēna -ae* f. (vein).
+- *bracchium -ī* n. (arm); *membrum -ī* n. (limb); *capillus -ī* m. (a single hair) — usually pl. *capillī, -ōrum* m. (hair, of the head); *gena -ae* f. (cheek); *cerebrum -ī* n. (brain); *labrum -ī* n. (lip); *lingua -ae* f. (tongue); *vēna -ae* f. (vein).
 - *manus, manūs* f. (hand) — **4th-declension** noun, your first one! gen. sg. *-ūs*, pl. *manūs* etc.
 
 **Plural noun**: *viscera, -um* n.pl. (internal organs).
 
-**Other nouns**: *medicus -ī* m. (doctor); *pōculum -ī* n. (cup); *culter, cultrī* m. (knife — drops -e- like *puer/pueri*).
+**Other nouns**: *medicus -ī* m. (doctor); *pōculum -ī* n. (cup); *pōmum -ī* n. (fruit — general term); *culter, cultrī* m. (knife — drops -e- like *puer/pueri*).
 
 **Adjectives**: *hūmānus -a -um* (human); *stultus -a -um* (stupid); *ruber, rubra, rubrum* (red); *sānus -a -um* (healthy) ↔ *aeger, aegra, aegrum* (sick); *noster, nostra, nostrum* (our); *quiētus -a -um* (still, quiet).
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c11 body`, `/llpsi-c11 acc-inf`, `/llpsi-
 - *gaudēre* + acc.+inf. (to rejoice, 2nd): *gaudet, gaudent.*
 - *dētergēre* (to wipe off, 2nd).
 
-**Irregular**: ***posse*** full paradigm — *est, sunt → potest, possunt*; infinitive *posse*.
+**Irregular**: ***posse*** full present indicative — *possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt*; infinitive *posse*. (Pattern: *pot-* + forms of *esse*; *pot-s-* → *pos-s-*.)
 - *Aemilia nōn putat medicum puerum sānāre **posse**.* (inf.)
 
 **Particles**: *modo* (only, just); *super* + acc. (above); *īnfrā* + acc. (below); *dē* + abl. (down from, about); *atque* (= *et*, often before vowels); *nec* (= *neque*); *bene* ↔ *male*; *ergō* (therefore).
@@ -97,7 +97,8 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c11 body`, `/llpsi-c11 acc-inf`, `/llpsi-
    - **necesse est**: *Puerum dormīre necesse est.*
 
 4. ***posse*** — full present paradigm now:
-   - 3sg *potest*, 3pl *possunt*; inf. *posse*.
+   - sg.: *possum, potes, potest*; pl.: *possumus, potestis, possunt*; inf. *posse*.
+   - Built on *pot-* + *esse* (with *t* → *s* before *s*: *pot-sum → possum*).
    - *Aemilia putat medicum sānāre nōn posse.*
 
 5. ***iubēre* + acc.+inf.** — orders are expressed indirectly: *Iūlius servum medicum arcessere iubet.* "Julius orders the slave to summon the doctor." Distinct from direct imperative (*Arcesse medicum!*).
@@ -115,6 +116,13 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c11 body`, `/llpsi-c11 acc-inf`, `/llpsi-
 
 10. **Adverbs *bene/male***: from *bonus/malus*. *bene videt, male audit.*
 
+11. **Dative of reference with *dolēre***: *Pēs **mihi** dolet* ("the foot hurts to me" = "my foot hurts"). Idiomatic alternative to possessive *pēs meus dolet*. Same with *caput, venter*: *Caput Quīntō dolet.*
+
+12. ***gaudēre* syntax** — accepts both:
+   - *quod* + clause: *Aemilia gaudet **quod** fīlius vīvit.*
+   - acc.+inf.: *Aemilia fīlium **vīvere** gaudet.*
+   Drill the contrast — same meaning, different construction.
+
 ## Common error patterns
 
 - **3rd-decl. neuter wrong stem**: *corpus → genitive corpusis* — wrong; stem changes: *corporis*. Same *pectoris, ōris, crūris, capitis, cordis*. Always learn the gen. with the noun.
@@ -128,6 +136,8 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c11 body`, `/llpsi-c11 acc-inf`, `/llpsi-
 - ***manus* declined as 2nd-decl.**: *manī* (gen.) — wrong; 4th-decl. gen. sg. is *manūs* (with macron). Don't confuse with nom. pl. *manūs* (also -ūs, distinguished by context).
 - ***ōs* (mouth, n.) confused with *os* (bone, n.)**: same nominative spelling without macrons; gen. *ōris* (mouth) vs. *ossis* (bone).
 - ***atque* / *nec***: *atque* = *et* (often before vowels); *nec* = *neque*. Don't translate as a different word.
+- **Gender of *sanguis***: students assume neuter (inanimate substance) — wrong; *sanguis* is **masculine**: *sanguis ruber*, not *sanguis rubrum*.
+- ***venter* (m. sg., belly) vs. *viscera* (n. pl., internal organs)**: confusing gender/number. *venter dolet* (m. sg.); *viscera dolent* (n. pl.).
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -142,6 +152,9 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c11 body`, `/llpsi-c11 acc-inf`, `/llpsi-
 9. **PENSVM A fill**: "Membra corpor- hūmānī sunt duo bracchia et duo crūr-." → *corporis, crūra.* "In capit- sunt duae aur- et ūn- ōs." → *capite, aurēs, ūnum.*
 10. **Spot the error**: "Syra putat Quīntus mortuus esse." → *Quīntum mortuum* (both acc.). "Aemilia nōn putat medicum sānāre potest." → *posse* (inf.). "In mare sunt multī piscēs." → *In marī.*
 11. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Cūr Syra Quīntum mortuum esse putat?" → *Quia Quīntum spīrāre nōn audit.* "Quid videt medicus in ōre Quīntī?" → *Dentem nigrum / aegrum (videt).* "Unde medicus arcessitur?" → *(Ex oppidō / ē) Tusculō (arcessitur).*
+12. **Direct → indirect transformation**: convert quoted speech to acc.+inf. *Quīntus: "Pēs meus dolet!"* → *Quīntus dīcit pedem suum dolēre.* *Syra: "Quīntus mortuus est."* → *Syra Quīntum mortuum esse dīcit / putat.* *Aemilia: "Fīlius vīvit!"* → *Aemilia fīlium vīvere gaudet.*
+13. **Adverb formation *bonus → bene*, *malus → male***: pair with verbs. "Quīntus ___ videt sed ___ audit." (good/poor) → *bene, male.* "Aemilia cantat ___." → *bene.* Then reverse: "Adv. of *malus*?" → *male.*
+14. **Body-part touch/point drill** (TPR-style imperatives): *Tange genam tuam! Mōnstrā nāsum! Aperī ōs! Claude oculōs!* Student responds by miming + repeats. Then: "What did I say?" → translates back.
 
 ## Session start
 

llpsi-c2.md

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ If invoked with a topic (e.g. `/llpsi-c2 genitive`), focus there. Otherwise mix.
 **Nouns** (with gen. + gender):
 - *vir, virī* m. (man); *puer, puerī* m. (boy); *fīlius -ī* m.; *dominus -ī* m. (master); *servus -ī* m. (slave); *liber, librī* m. (book); *titulus -ī* m.
 - *fēmina -ae* f.; *puella -ae* f.; *familia -ae* f.; *fīlia -ae* f.; *domina -ae* f. (mistress); *ancilla -ae* f. (slave-girl); *pāgina -ae* f.
+- *Cornēlius -ī* m. (neighbor character).
 - (Already from cap. I, kept for context.)
 
 **Family words**: *pater, māter, fīlius, fīlia, līberī* (children, pl. only).
@@ -46,6 +47,13 @@ If invoked with a topic (e.g. `/llpsi-c2 genitive`), focus there. Otherwise mix.
 
 6. **Numbers with gender**: *duo virī, duae ancillae, duo oppida; trēs virī, trēs ancillae, tria oppida.* (*duo* and *trēs* inflect; ūnus already known to inflect.)
 
+7. **2nd-decl. *-er* nouns — two patterns**:
+   - **Drops -e- in oblique**: *liber, librī, librō* (and *magister, magistrī*).
+   - **Keeps -e-**: *puer, puerī, puerō*; *vir, virī, virō*.
+   - No rule predicts which — must be memorized per word.
+
+8. **Genitive of proper names** (drill explicitly): *Iūlius → Iūliī*; *Aemilia → Aemiliae*; *Mārcus → Mārcī*; *Quīntus → Quīntī*.
+
 ## Common error patterns
 
 - **Genitive vs. nom. pl. confusion**: student parses *fīliī* as gen. sg. when it's nom. pl. (or vice versa). Always disambiguate by what's around it.
@@ -53,6 +61,10 @@ If invoked with a topic (e.g. `/llpsi-c2 genitive`), focus there. Otherwise mix.
 - **Missing -ōrum in gen. pl.**: student says "of the slaves" as *servī* (gen. sg.) — must be *servōrum*.
 - **Gender of *liber***: it's masculine despite ending in -er; gen. is *librī*. Easy trap.
 - **Wrong gender of *duo***: student says *duo ancillae* — should be *duae ancillae*.
+- ***-er* paradigm cross-contamination**: dropping the *e* in *puer* (*\*prī*) by analogy with *liber → librī*, or keeping it in *liber* (*\*liberī*). Memorize per word.
+- **Overusing *et***: *Mārcus et Quīntus et Iūlia* is grammatical but Ørberg prefers *-que* on the last item: *Mārcus, Quīntus Iūliaque*.
+- **Confusing *quī?* (m. pl.) with *quis?* (sg.)**: *quis est?* (one person) vs. *quī sunt?* (multiple men).
+- ***cuius* is invariant**: students invent *\*cuiae* by analogy with adjective endings — wrong; *cuius* covers all genders.
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -64,6 +76,10 @@ If invoked with a topic (e.g. `/llpsi-c2 genitive`), focus there. Otherwise mix.
 6. **Spot the error**: "Numerus ancillae magnus est." → should be *ancillārum* (gen. pl., to mean "the number of slave-girls").
 7. **Possessive agreement**: "How would Iūlia say 'my mother'?" → *māter mea.*
 8. **Parse**: present a word in context and ask for case + number (+ gender if ambiguous).
+9. **Family-tree Q&A**: "Quis est pater Mārcī?" → *Iūlius.* "Quot līberī sunt in familiā Iūliī?" → *trēs līberī sunt.*
+10. ***-er* paradigm contrast**: produce gen. sg. of *puer, vir, liber* side-by-side → *puerī, virī, librī* (note *liber* drops *e*).
+11. ***-que* rewrite drill**: rewrite "Mārcus et Iūlia et Quīntus" using *-que* → *Mārcus, Iūlia Quīntusque.*
+12. **Number-with-noun agreement**: "two girls, two boys, two towns" → *duae puellae, duo puerī, duo oppida.*
 
 ## Session start
 

llpsi-c3.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c3 accusative`, `/llpsi-c3 verbs`, `/llps
 **Adjectives**: *laetus -a -um* (happy); *īrātus -a -um* (angry); *probus -a -um* (good, well-behaved); *improbus -a -um* (naughty).
 
 **Verbs** (3rd sg. present indicative — only form formally introduced):
-- 1st conj. (-at): *cantat, pulsat, plōrat, vocat, interrogat, verberat*
+- 1st conj. (-at): *cantat, pulsat, plōrat, vocat, interrogat, verberat* (verberat = beats, alongside *pulsat*)
 - 2nd conj. (-et): *rīdet, videt, respondet*
 - 4th conj. (-it): *dormit, venit, audit*
 - (Note: 3rd conj. -it forms appear later. Cap. III shows -at/-et/-it as the three patterns; the GRAMMATICA LATINA in c3 lists them as three groups, not four. The fourth conjugation is formally split out in Cap. IV–V.)
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c3 accusative`, `/llpsi-c3 verbs`, `/llps
 - acc. **quem** (m.) / **quam** (f.) — *puer quem Aemilia verberat*, *puella quam Mārcus pulsat*
 - (Neuter *quod* comes in Cap. IV.)
 
+**Interrogative**: ***quem?*** (acc. m. sg., "whom?") — same form as relative *quem* but used as a question word: *Quem Mārcus pulsat?*
+
 **Particles**: *neque* (= *et nōn*), *iam* (now/already), *cūr?* (why?), *quia* (because), *ō!*, *hīc* (here).
 
 **Grammar terms**: *nōminātīvus, accūsātīvus, verbum*.
@@ -48,6 +50,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c3 accusative`, `/llpsi-c3 verbs`, `/llps
 
 5. **Causal clauses with *quia*** ("because"). Word order: *quia* + clause.
 
+6. **Verb-stem trap**: *rīdet* is 2nd conj. (-et). A *\*rīdit* form would be a wrong analogical 3rd-conj. shape. Drill the -et vs. -it boundary explicitly.
+
+7. **Interrogative vs. relative *quem***: same form, different function. *Quem Mārcus pulsat?* (question) vs. *puer quem Mārcus pulsat* (rel. clause modifying *puer*). Disambiguate by sentence shape (presence of antecedent + main clause).
+
 ## Common error patterns
 
 - **Subject in accusative or object in nominative**: most common starter mistake. *Mārcus pulsat Iūlia* — wrong; should be *Mārcus pulsat Iūliam* (Iūlia is the object).
@@ -55,6 +61,9 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c3 accusative`, `/llpsi-c3 verbs`, `/llps
 - **Forgetting adjective agrees in case too**: *Mārcus puer īrātus est* (nom., correct) BUT *Iūlius puerum īrātus verberat* — wrong; should be *īrātum* (acc. m. sg.) to agree with *puerum*.
 - **Relative pronoun case from antecedent (wrong)**: e.g. student says "the boy whom is laughing" → *puer quem rīdet* — wrong, should be *quī* (subject of *rīdet*).
 - **Person in pronoun**: *Aemilia mē interrogat* spoken by Aemilia about herself — wrong perspective; *mē* = me (the speaker is the object).
+- **Interrogative vs. relative *quem* confusion**: same form, different function. *Quem Mārcus pulsat?* is a question; *puer quem Mārcus pulsat* is a relative clause.
+- **Treating *eum/eam* as nominative**: writing *eum rīdet* meaning "he laughs" — wrong; *eum* is acc. ("him"). Subject "he" is *is* (or unstated).
+- **Dropping *-m* on acc. sg.**: especially neuter (students think "neuter = no ending") writing *\*oppidu*; or omitting agreement *-am* on adjectives.
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -66,6 +75,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c3 accusative`, `/llpsi-c3 verbs`, `/llps
 6. **Relative-clause translation**: "the girl whom Mārcus strikes" → *puella quam Mārcus pulsat.*
 7. **Spot the error**: "Quīntus videt Mārcus." → should be *Mārcum* (direct object → acc.).
 8. **Parse**: present a word and ask for case+number (and gender if needed).
+9. **Interrogative vs. relative *quem* discrimination**: translate *Quem Mārcus pulsat?* (whom does M. strike?) vs. *puer quem Mārcus pulsat plōrat* (the boy whom M. strikes is crying).
+10. **Pronoun substitution**: replace named object with *eum/eam* — *Mārcus Iūliam pulsat* → *Mārcus eam pulsat*; *Aemilia Mārcum vocat* → *Aemilia eum vocat*.
+11. **Verb-class sorting**: given a list of 3sg forms (*cantat, rīdet, dormit, pulsat, videt, audit*), sort into -at / -et / -it groups.
+12. **Negation with *neque***: rewrite *nōn cantat et nōn rīdet* → *neque cantat neque rīdet*.
 
 ## Session start
 

llpsi-c4.md

@@ -6,9 +6,13 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c4 imperative`, `/llpsi-c4 vocative`, `/l
 
 ## Vocabulary (new in Cap. IV)
 
-**Nouns**: *sacculus -ī* m. (purse); *pecūnia -ae* f. (money); *nummus -ī* m. (coin); *mēnsa -ae* f. (table); *baculum -ī* n. (stick); *verbum -ī* n. (word, in chapter sense).
+**Nouns**: *sacculus -ī* m. (purse); *pecūnia -ae* f. (money); *nummus -ī* m. (coin); *mēnsa -ae* f. (table); *baculum -ī* n. (stick); *verbum -ī* n. (word, in chapter sense); *fūr, fūris* m. (thief — *Mēdus fūr est*); *Mēdus -ī* m. (servus); *Lēander -drī* m. (servus, *-er* drops *e*).
 
-**Adjectives**: *vacuus -a -um* (empty); *bonus -a -um* (good).
+**Adjectives**: *vacuus -a -um* (empty); *bonus -a -um* (good); *malus -a -um* (bad — contrast with *bonus*).
+
+**Interrogative adjective use of *quī, quae, quod*** ("which?") with nouns: *quī servus? quae ancilla? quod baculum?*; acc. *quem servum? quam ancillam? quod baculum?*
+
+**Postpositive particle**: *enim* ("for" — never first word in clause).
 
 **Numbers**: *quattuor (IV), quīnque (V), septem (VII), octō (VIII), novem (IX), decem (X)* — round out 1–10 from previous chapters.
 
@@ -56,6 +60,12 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c4 imperative`, `/llpsi-c4 vocative`, `/l
 
 6. **Compound prefixes *ad-/ab-***: *adest* (is here, ad+est), *abest* (is away, ab+est), *adsunt, absunt*. Just lexical; not yet a productive rule for the student.
 
+7. ***nūllus* paradigm** — the **ŪNUS NAUTA** group (*ūnus, sōlus, tōtus, alter, ūllus, nūllus, neuter, alius*): pronominal endings in gen. sg. **-īus** and dat. sg. **-ī** for all genders. *nūllus, nūllīus, nūllī, nūllum, nūllō*. Recognition level only in c4.
+
+8. **Vocative of *-ius* names**: contracted to single **-ī**: *fīlius → fīlī!*, *Iūlius → Iūlī!*, *Cornēlius → Cornēlī!*. Plus the irregular vocative *meus → mī*: *mī fīlī!*
+
+9. ***suus* refers to the subject of its own clause** — works equally with plural subjects: *Iūlius et Aemilia servōs suōs vocant* (their own slaves, not someone else's).
+
 ## Common error patterns
 
 - **Vocative wrong**: student says *Mārcus, venī!* — should be *Mārce, venī!* (vocative).
@@ -64,6 +74,9 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c4 imperative`, `/llpsi-c4 vocative`, `/l
 - **Pronoun *is* gender confusion**: *is* = he, *ea* = she, *id* = it. Student says *id* for "she" — wrong.
 - **Imperative form same as indicative**: in 1st/2nd conj., it's tempting to use *vocat* as a command — wrong, it's *vocā* (sg.). The indicative -t ending is third-person, not a command.
 - **3rd-conj. imperative -e looks like nothing**: *pōne!* is the right form; students often want *pōnī!* by analogy with *audī!* — flag the contrast (3rd vs. 4th).
+- ***suus* with 1st/2nd person subject**: Latin uses *meus/tuus* when subject is *ego/tū*. *Suus* is reflexive only for 3rd-person subjects.
+- **Confusing *quod* (rel. n.) with *quod* (interrog. adj. "which?")**: same form; disambiguate by clause shape (relative attaches to antecedent; interrog. heads a question with a noun).
+- **Imperative macron**: long *-ā* in *vocā́* distinguishes 1st conj. imperative from a hypothetical short form. Macrons matter for class identification.
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -75,6 +88,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c4 imperative`, `/llpsi-c4 vocative`, `/l
 6. **Conjugation pattern**: "Give the imperative sg. and 3rd-sg. indicative of: *pōnere*." → *pōne, pōnit.*
 7. **Spot the error**: "Mārcus, vidēt baculum." → vocative wrong (should be *Mārce*); also *vidēt* has a stray macron — should be *videt*.
 8. **Number drill**: "Count from 1 to 10." → *ūnus, duo, trēs, quattuor, quīnque, sex, septem, octō, novem, decem.*
+9. **Interrogative adjective drill**: "Quī servus pecūniam habet?" → *Mēdus*; "Quod baculum sūmit Iūlius?" → *baculum quod in mēnsā est* (or similar).
+10. ***eius* vs. *suus* contrast set**: 5–6 minimal-pair sentences — student picks. "Iūlius vocat servum ___ (Iūlius's own)" → *suum*; "Iūlius vocat servum ___ (Cornēlius's)" → *eius*.
+11. **Imperative → indicative transformation**: given *vocā!*, produce *vocat*; given *audī!*, produce *audit*; given *pōne!*, produce *pōnit* — reveals conjugation class.
+12. ***nūllus* drill**: "Iūlius habet decem nummōs; Mēdus habet ___ nummum." → *nūllum.*
 
 ## Session start
 

llpsi-c5.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c5 ablative`, `/llpsi-c5 verbs`, `/llpsi-
 
 ## Vocabulary (new in Cap. V)
 
-**Nouns**: *vīlla -ae* f. (country house); *hortus -ī* m. (garden); *rosa -ae* f.; *līlium -ī* n. (lily); *nāsus -ī* m. (nose); *ōstium -ī* n. (door); *fenestra -ae* f. (window); *ātrium -ī* n.; *impluvium -ī* n.; *aqua -ae* f.; *peristȳlum -ī* n.; *cubiculum -ī* n. (bedroom).
+**Nouns**: *vīlla -ae* f. (country house); *hortus -ī* m. (garden); *rosa -ae* f.; *līlium -ī* n. (lily); *nāsus -ī* m. (nose); *ōstium -ī* n. (door); *fenestra -ae* f. (window); *ātrium -ī* n.; *impluvium -ī* n.; *aqua -ae* f.; *peristȳlum -ī* n.; *cubiculum -ī* n. (bedroom); *vir, virī* m. (man, husband); *domina -ae* f. (mistress, pair with *dominus*).
 
 **Adjectives**: *pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum* (beautiful — mixed-stem 1st/2nd decl., genitive *pulchrī, pulchrae, pulchrī*; the *e* drops in oblique cases); *foedus -a -um* (ugly); *sōlus -a -um* (alone — like *ūnus*: gen. *sōlīus*, dat. *sōlī*, but mostly nom/acc seen here).
 
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c5 ablative`, `/llpsi-c5 verbs`, `/llpsi-
 
 **Prepositions** taking ablative: **in, ex (out of), ab (from), cum (with), sine (without)**.
 
-**Particle**: *etiam* (also, even, = *quoque*).
+**Particle**: *etiam* (also, even, = *quoque*); *neque/nec* (and not, nor).
+
+**Relative pronoun** (nom. only here): *quī* (m.), *quae* (f.), *quod* (n.) — *Iūlius, **quī** in vīllā habitat...*
 
 **Pronouns** (full 3rd-person paradigm, all genders, sg + pl, nom & acc & abl + gen):
 
@@ -62,7 +64,13 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c5 ablative`, `/llpsi-c5 verbs`, `/llpsi-
 
 5. **Pronoun *is/ea/id* full paradigm** (see table above). Drill systematically.
 
-6. **Adjective *pulcher***: 1st/2nd decl. but with stem change. Nom.sg.m. *pulcher* (no -us!), but oblique cases drop the *e*: *pulchrī, pulchrō, pulchrum, pulchrō*; fem. *pulchra, pulchrae*; n. *pulchrum*. Compare *foedus* (regular *-us, -a, -um*).
+6. **Adjective *pulcher***: 1st/2nd decl. but with stem change. Nom.sg.m. *pulcher* (no -us!), but oblique cases drop the *e*: *pulchrī, pulchrō, pulchrum, pulchrō*; fem. *pulchra, pulchrae*; n. *pulchrum*. Compare *foedus* (regular *-us, -a, -um*). Pattern note: *pulcher* parallels *liber, libera, liberum* (e drops in oblique); contrast *miser, misera, miserum* (e stays).
+
+7. **Relative pronoun *quī/quae/quod*** (nom. only at this stage): introduces a clause modifying a preceding noun. *Iūlius, **quī** in vīllā habitat, dominus est.* — m. *quī*, f. *quae*, n. *quod*. Agrees in gender/number with antecedent.
+
+8. **Possessive *suus/sua/suum* agreement**: *suus* agrees in case/number/gender with the **noun it modifies**, NOT the possessor. *Iūlius vīllam **suam** amat* (fem. acc., agrees with *vīllam*, not with *Iūlius*).
+
+9. **Genitive plural -ōrum / -ārum** generalized: pattern from *eōrum/eārum* extends to nouns — *servōrum, vīllārum, oppidōrum* ("of the slaves/villas/towns").
 
 ## Common error patterns
 
@@ -73,6 +81,9 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c5 ablative`, `/llpsi-c5 verbs`, `/llpsi-
 - ***pulcher* declension**: *pulcherus* — wrong; nom.sg.m. is *pulcher* (no -us). But *pulchrus* would also be wrong; the stem retains *e* only in nom.sg.m.
 - **Confusing *eōs* (acc. m. pl.) with *eōrum* (gen. m. pl.)**: student writes *eōrum vocō* meaning "I call them" — should be *eōs vocō* (acc.). Note: *vocō* is 1sg, which the student doesn't formally have yet — stick to 3rd person.
 - **Word order in commands**: imperatives can come anywhere; don't penalize *Mārce et Quīnte, Iūliam vocāte!* vs. *Vocāte Iūliam, Mārce et Quīnte!*
+- ***suus* vs. *eius***: *suus* = "his/her **own**" (refers to subject); *eius* = "of him/her" (someone else). *Iūlius **suam** vīllam amat* (his own) vs. *Iūlius **eius** vīllam amat* (someone else's).
+- **Gen. sg. (1st decl.) *-ae* vs. nom. pl. *-ae***: *fīliae* is ambiguous — "of the daughter" or "the daughters." Disambiguate by verb number / context.
+- **2nd decl. n. pl. *-a* looks like 1st decl. f. nom. sg. *-a***: *verba* (n. pl., "words") vs. *aqua* (f. sg., "water"). Gender-mark the lexeme, don't guess from the ending.
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -86,6 +97,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c5 ablative`, `/llpsi-c5 verbs`, `/llpsi-
 8. **Spot the error**: "Iūlia ex hortō venit cum quīnque rosae." → *cum quīnque rosīs* (cum takes ablative; rosae is nom/gen sg or nom pl).
 9. **Adjective agreement with *pulcher***: "Decline *hortus pulcher* sg in all cases." → *hortus pulcher, hortum pulchrum, hortī pulchrī, hortō pulchrō.*
 10. **Translate**: "The boys are sleeping in their bedrooms" → *Puerī in cubiculīs (suīs) dormiunt.*
+11. **PENSVM B synonym/antonym**: "Antonym of *pulcher*?" → *foedus.* "Synonym of *etiam*?" → *quoque.*
+12. **Relative-clause completion**: "Iūlius, ___ in vīllā habitat, dominus est." → *quī.* "Aemilia, ___ pulchra est, in hortō ambulat." → *quae.*
+13. **Possessive substitution**: "Iūlius vīllam *Iūliī* amat" → replace with *suam* (= his own) or *eius* (= someone else's) and explain the difference.
+14. **Reading-comprehension Q in Latin**: "*Ubi est impluvium?*" → *In ātriō.* "*Quis in cubiculō dormit?*" → student answers in Latin.
 
 ## Session start
 

llpsi-c6.md

@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c6 motion`, `/llpsi-c6 passive`, `/llpsi-
 
 ## Vocabulary (new in Cap. VI)
 
-**Nouns**: *via -ae* f. (road); *mūrus -ī* m. (wall); *porta -ae* f. (gate); *lectīca -ae* f. (litter); *saccus -ī* m. (sack); *umerus -ī* m. (shoulder); *amīcus -ī* m. / *amīca -ae* f. (friend); *inimīcus -ī* m. (enemy); *equus -ī* m. (horse).
+**Nouns**: *via -ae* f. (road); *mūrus -ī* m. (wall); *porta -ae* f. (gate); *lectīca -ae* f. (litter); *saccus -ī* m. (sack); *umerus -ī* m. (shoulder); *amīcus -ī* m. / *amīca -ae* f. (friend); *inimīcus -ī* m. (enemy); *equus -ī* m. (horse); *passus -ūs* m. (pace, 4th decl.); *mīlle passūs* (a mile, sg.) / *mīlia passuum* (miles, w/ gen.).
 
-**Adjectives**: *longus -a -um* (long); *malus -a -um* (bad, opposite *bonus*); *fessus -a -um* (tired).
+**Place names**: *Tūsculum -ī* n.; *Brundisium -ī* n.; *Ōstia -ae* f.; *Graecia -ae* f.; *Germānia -ae* f.
+
+**Adjectives**: *longus -a -um* (long); *malus -a -um* (bad, opposite *bonus*); *fessus -a -um* (tired); *Rōmānus -a -um* (Roman).
 
 **Verbs** (3sg/3pl):
 - *it / eunt* (goes — irregular *īre*; compounds *adit/adeunt*, *abit/abeunt*, *exit/exeunt*)
@@ -53,6 +55,12 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c6 motion`, `/llpsi-c6 passive`, `/llpsi-
 
 6. **Irregular verb *īre*** (3sg *it*, 3pl *eunt*); compounds *ad-it/ad-eunt*, *ab-it/ab-eunt*, *ex-it/ex-eunt*, *in-trat* (regular 1st-conj. compound, distinct from *it*).
 
+7. **4th declension preview** (recognition only): *passus -ūs* m. (pace) — note long *-ūs* in gen. sg. and nom./acc. pl. *Mīlle passūs* = "a mile" (lit. "a thousand paces"). Full 4th decl. comes later.
+
+8. ***mīlle* vs. *mīlia***: *mīlle* is **indeclinable** (sg., adjective-like): *mīlle passūs* "a thousand paces / one mile." *mīlia* is **declinable** noun (n. pl.) and takes **partitive genitive**: *duo mīlia passuum* "two miles" (lit. "two thousands of paces").
+
+9. ***ab* vs. *ex* — semantic distinction**: *ab/ā* = motion **from** (away from a point/edge); *ex/ē* = motion **out of** (out of an interior). *ab oppidō* (away from town) vs. *ex oppidō* (out of town). *procul ā/ab + abl.* = "far from": *procul ā Rōmā*.
+
 ## Common error patterns
 
 - **City name in wrong case for "to/from/in"**: *Mēdus it Rōmā* (wrong — abl. of source); should be *Rōmam it* (acc., motion to). Conversely *venit Rōmam* — wrong; should be *Rōmā venit*.
@@ -64,6 +72,11 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c6 motion`, `/llpsi-c6 passive`, `/llpsi-
 - **3rd-conj. passive pl.**: *pōnitur → pōnuntur* (not *pōnitur*-pl. *pōnentur*). The vowel shifts to -u- in 3pl as in active.
 - ***it* vs. *eunt***: students sometimes write *Iūlius eunt* or *servī it*. *it* = 3sg, *eunt* = 3pl.
 - **Compound *adit/abit/exit*** confused with **3rd-conj. -it endings**: *exit* = "goes out" (irreg.), not regular 3rd-conj. *Compare *vehit* (3rd conj.).
+- **Treating *Brundisiī* as gen. sg.**: it's **locative** ("at Brundisium") — same form as gen., but means "where," not "of." Same trap with *Tūsculī*.
+- ***autem* misplaced first**: *autem* is **postpositive** — must be **second word** in clause. *Iūlius autem...* not *Autem Iūlius...*. (Same with *enim, vērō*.)
+- ***ad Rōmā* / *in Rōmam* for "to Rome"***: city names take **bare acc.** for motion to: *Rōmam (it)*. No *ad*; no abl.
+- ***vehit* (active) vs. *vehitur* (passive/middle)***: *equus puerum vehit* = "the horse carries the boy." *puer (equō) vehitur* = "the boy rides (on the horse)" — middle/reflexive sense.
+- ***ē/ex* before *h-***: treat *h* like a vowel for sandhi — use *ex hortō*, not *ē hortō*. (Same logic as *ab/ā*.)
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -77,6 +90,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c6 motion`, `/llpsi-c6 passive`, `/llpsi-
 8. **PENSVM C Q&A** (in Latin): "Cūr Mēdus Rōmam it?" → *Rōmam it quia Lydia (amīca eius) Rōmae habitat.* "Quī Iūlium portant?" → *Ursus et Dāvus (eum portant).*
 9. **Translate** (passive sentences from chapter): "The bags are carried by Syrus and Leander." → *Saccī ā Syrō et Lēandrō portantur.* "Medus is loved by Lydia." → *Mēdus ā Lydiā amātur.*
 10. **Compound *īre* drill**: "Iūlius ___ in vīllam" (enters / goes into — use *intrat* or *it in*; both fine). "Servī ex vīllā ___" → *exeunt.* "Mēdus ab Tusculō ___" (note *ab* + abl., 3sg) → *abit.*
+11. **PENSVM B antonyms**: "Antonym of *malus*?" → *bonus.* "Antonym of *longus*?" → *brevis.* "Antonym of *amīcus*?" → *inimīcus.*
+12. **Two-step transformation**: active → passive → re-active with new subject. *Servus saccum portat* → *Saccus ā servō portātur* → "Now make Lēander the carrier" → *Lēander saccum portat.*
+13. **Mixed *quō/unde/ubi* rapid drill**: alternate randomly to force case-flexibility. "Quō it Mēdus?" / "Unde venit Iūlius?" / "Ubi habitat Cornēlius?" — student must switch acc./abl./loc. on the fly.
+14. **Reading Q&A in Latin**: "*Quid Mēdus in saccō portat?*" → student answers in Latin (*nihil* / *pecūniam*). "*Cūr Iūlius timet?*" → *quia in viā multī inimīcī sunt.*
 
 ## Session start
 

llpsi-c7.md

@@ -23,11 +23,17 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c7 dative`, `/llpsi-c7 hic`, `/llpsi-c7 s
 - *adit / adeunt* (approaches, *ad-īre*)
 - *currit / currunt* (runs, 3rd)
 - *exit / exeunt* (goes out, *ex-īre*)
+- *interrogat / interrogant* (asks, 1st)
+- *respondet / respondent* (answers, 2nd)
+- *salūtat / salūtant* (greets, 1st)
+- *pulsat / pulsant* (knocks, 1st) — *Syra ōstium pulsat*
 - *es! este!* (imperative of *esse*)
 
 **Pronouns / demonstratives** (introductory): *hic* (m.), *haec* (f.), *hoc* (n.) — "this here" (full paradigm comes in Cap. VIII; here only nom. sg.). *sē* (himself/herself/themselves, acc. reflexive).
 
-**Particles**: *immō* (on the contrary, nay rather); *nōnne?* (asks expecting yes); *et...et* (both...and); *neque...neque* (neither...nor); *sōlum* (= *tantum*, only); *illīc* (there); *ē* (= *ex* before consonants); *eī* (dat. sg. of *is/ea/id*); *iīs* (dat. pl.).
+**Particles**: *immō* (on the contrary, nay rather); *nōnne?* (asks expecting yes); *et...et* (both...and); *neque...neque* (neither...nor); *sōlum* (= *tantum*, only); *illīc* (there); *ē* (= *ex* before consonants); *eī* (dat. sg. of *is/ea/id*); *iīs* (dat. pl.); *quod* (conj., because, = *quia*); *ergō* (therefore).
+
+**Plural pronouns/adjectives**: *cēterī, -ae, -a* (the rest, the others); *aliī...aliī* (some...others).
 
 ## Grammar introduced in Cap. VII
 
@@ -55,7 +61,13 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c7 dative`, `/llpsi-c7 hic`, `/llpsi-c7 s
 
 6. **Imperative of *esse* and *dare***: *es!* / *este!* (be!); *dā!* / *date!* (give!).
 
-7. **Compounds with *in-***: *in-est, īn-sunt* (is/are inside); *in-trat* (enters).
+7. **Compounds with *in-***: *in-est, īn-sunt* (is/are inside); *in-trat* (enters). Note: *in-est / īn-sunt* follow *esse* irregularly (not regular conjugation). Same pattern: *ad-est / ad-sunt*.
+
+8. ***plēnus + genitive***: "full of X" → X in **gen.** *Saccus plēnus mālōrum* ("a sack full of apples"), not abl. (Contrast English "filled **with**".)
+
+9. ***nōnne?*** (expects "yes") vs. ***num?*** (expects "no"). *Nōnne Iūlia pulchra est?* — "Isn't Julia beautiful?" (yes). *Num Iūlia foeda est?* — "Surely Julia isn't ugly?" (no). Plain *-ne* enclitic = neutral.
+
+10. ***hic/iste/ille*** preview: *hic* has the deictic *-c* suffix ("this here, near me"). Cap. VIII introduces the full triad — *iste* ("that, near you") and *ille* ("that yonder").
 
 ## Common error patterns
 
@@ -68,6 +80,12 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c7 dative`, `/llpsi-c7 hic`, `/llpsi-c7 s
 - **Forgetting that *dat* is irregular**: 1pl/2pl/2sg not yet drilled, but 3pl is *dant* (short -a-, but still 1st-conj.-looking).
 - ***ē* vs. *ex***: *ē hortō* — wrong; before vowel/h use *ex hortō*. Same rule as *ā/ab*.
 - **Imperative *es!* (be!) confused with *est* (he is) or *ēs* (you eat — comes later)**: *es laeta!* = "be glad!" — addressed to a girl, fem. predicate.
+- ***cui?*** (dat. sg. of *quis/quī*): new interrog. form, "to whom?" *Cui Iūlius mālum dat?* → answer in dative. Don't confuse with *quī* (nom.) or *quis* (nom.).
+- ***eī*** ambiguity: dat. sg. (m./f./n.) AND nom. m. pl. (alt. for *iī*) — both written *eī*. Disambiguate by verb number and case context.
+- ***sē* used as nominative subject**: wrong — *sē* is **acc./abl. only** (reflexive). Never the subject. *Iūlia sē videt* not *Sē videt*.
+- ***sē* same form sg. & pl.**: *Iūlia sē videt* (herself) / *puerī sē vident* (themselves) — same word.
+- ***plēnus + abl.*** by analogy with English: wrong — takes **gen.**: *plēnus aquae*, not *plēnus aquā*.
+- ***quod* triple ambiguity**: (a) conj. "because" (= *quia*); (b) relative pron. n. ("which"); (c) interrog. adj. n. ("which?"). Disambiguate by syntactic position.
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -81,6 +99,11 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c7 dative`, `/llpsi-c7 hic`, `/llpsi-c7 s
 8. **Translate (recipient + giver)**: "Julius gives an apple to his daughter." → *Iūlius fīliae suae mālum dat.* "The girl gives a kiss to her father." → *Puella patrī ōsculum dat.* (Note: *pater* is 3rd decl., not formally introduced yet — substitute *Iūliō* if needed.)
 9. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Cui Iūlius mālum prīmum dat?" → *Iūlius mālum prīmum Mārcō dat.* "Quis ōstium aperit?" → *Ōstiārius (ōstium aperit).*
 10. **Reflexive imperative**: "Tell Julia to turn around." → *Iūlia, vertī sē!* — actually trickier; *sē* is 3rd person only. Use: *Iūlia sē vertit* (statement) and avoid imperative reflexive at this stage. Better drill: "Translate 'She closes the door behind herself.'" → *Ōstium post sē claudit.*
+11. **PENSVM B synonyms**: "Synonym of *fōrmōsus*?" → *pulcher.* "Synonym of *sōlum*?" → *tantum.* *Immō* contradiction drill: "*Estne Iūlia foeda?*" → *Immō, pulchra est.*
+12. ***Cui?* question drill**: "Cui Iūlius mālum dat?" → student must answer in dative. "Cui Syra ōstium aperit?" → *Iūliae.*
+13. ***et...et / neque...neque* construction**: "Translate 'Both Marcus and Quintus weep.'" → *Et Mārcus et Quīntus lacrimant.* "Neither Julia nor Syra is happy." → *Neque Iūlia neque Syra laeta est.*
+14. **Three-way contrast in same frame**: "Iūlius ___ videt" — fill with *eum* (= him, someone else) / *sē* (= himself) / *hunc* (= this man near me). Force the semantic distinction.
+15. **Antonym/opposite drill**: "Antonym of *aperit*?" → *claudit.* "Antonym of *plēnus*?" → *vacuus.* "Antonym of *amīcus*?" → *inimīcus.*
 
 ## Session start
 

llpsi-c8.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c8 hic`, `/llpsi-c8 ille`, `/llpsi-c8 qui
 
 ## Vocabulary (new in Cap. VIII)
 
-**Nouns**: *taberna -ae* f. (shop); *gemma -ae* f. (gem); *margarīta -ae* f. (pearl); *tabernārius -ī* m. (shopkeeper); *ōrnāmentum -ī* n. (ornament); *ānulus -ī* m. (ring); *līnea -ae* f. (string, line); *digitus -ī* m. (finger); *collum -ī* n. (neck); *pretium -ī* n. (price); *sēstertius -ī* m. (sesterce, a coin).
+**Nouns**: *taberna -ae* f. (shop); *gemma -ae* f. (gem); *margarīta -ae* f. (pearl); *tabernārius -ī* m. (shopkeeper); *ōrnāmentum -ī* n. (ornament); *ānulus -ī* m. (ring); *līnea -ae* f. (string, line); *digitus -ī* m. (finger); *collum -ī* n. (neck); *monīle, monīlis* n. (necklace); *pretium -ī* n. (price); *sēstertius -ī* m. (sesterce, a coin).
 
 **Adjectives**: *pecūniōsus -a -um* (wealthy); *gemmātus -a -um* (set with a gem); *medius -a -um* (middle); *quārtus -a -um* (fourth); *tantus -a -um* (so big) ↔ *quantus -a -um* (how big); *alius alia aliud* (other — note neut. sg. nom./acc. **-ud**, not -um!).
 
@@ -64,6 +64,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c8 hic`, `/llpsi-c8 ille`, `/llpsi-c8 qui
 
 7. ***tantus...quantus*** correlation: "as big as." *Pretium illīus ānulī tantum est quantum huius.* "The price of that ring is as big as (that) of this one."
 
+8. **Speaker-perspective demonstratives**: *hic* = near the speaker ("this one here"); *ille* = far from speaker / "that one over there." Not just bland this/that — track who is pointing and from where. *Hic ānulus* (the one I'm holding) vs. *ille ānulus* (the one on the far shelf).
+
+9. **Pronominal-adjective class (UNUS NAUTA group)**: *ūnus, sōlus, tōtus, alius, alter, ūllus, neuter, nūllus, uter* — plus demonstratives *ipse, iste, ille, hic* — all share gen. sg. **-īus** and dat. sg. **-ī** for every gender. *ūnīus, sōlīus, tōtīus, alterīus, illīus, ipsīus*; dat. *ūnī, sōlī, illī, ipsī*.
+
 ## Common error patterns
 
 - ***hoc* spelled as *huc* or confused with *hunc***: *hunc* = acc. m. sg.; *hoc* = nom./acc. n. sg. *aspice hunc ānulum* (m. acc.) but *hoc ōrnāmentum* (n. acc.).
@@ -75,6 +79,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c8 hic`, `/llpsi-c8 ille`, `/llpsi-c8 qui
 - ***alia* (n. pl.) vs. *aliae* (f. pl. nom.)**: *alia ōrnāmenta* (n. pl. — correct); *aliae feminae* (f. pl. — correct). Watch the gender of the noun.
 - ***hic/ille* agreement with neut. *ōrnāmentum***: *hic ōrnāmentum* — wrong; *hoc ōrnāmentum*. *ille ōrnāmentum* — wrong; *illud ōrnāmentum*.
 - **Forgetting *aut* (or) vs. *et* (and)**: *centum sēstertiōs et nūllōs* — wrong context; should be *aut nūllōs* ("or none").
+- ***quantus* vs. *quot***: *quantus* = "how great/big" (adj., agrees); *quot* = "how many" (indecl., counts). *Quantum pretium?* "How big a price?" vs. *Quot sēstertiī?* "How many sesterces?"
+- ***cuius* vs. *cui***: *cuius* = gen. ("whose"); *cui* = dat. ("to/for whom"). *Cuius est ānulus?* (whose ring is it?) vs. *Cui Iūlius ānulum dat?* (to whom does Julius give the ring?).
+- **Treating *hīs* / *illīs* as only dative OR only ablative**: they are **both** dat. and abl. pl. *hīs servīs dat* (dat.) vs. *cum hīs servīs* (abl.) — same form, different job.
+- **Bland "this/that" for *hic* / *ille***: losing the speaker-perspective. *Hic* points to what's near the speaker; *ille* to what's away. Translate with that contrast in mind.
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -88,6 +96,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c8 hic`, `/llpsi-c8 ille`, `/llpsi-c8 qui
 8. **PENSVM B fill**: "Ānulus convenit ad digitum ___ (4th), quī nōn ___ est ___ digitus medius." → *quārtum, tantus, quantus.*
 9. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quot sēstertiīs cōnstat ānulus gemmātus?" → *Centum sēstertiīs (cōnstat).* "Cūr Lydia nūllum ānulum habet?" → *Quia (Lydia / amīcus eius) pecūniōsa nōn est.*
 10. **Translate**: "Julius is the master of these slaves." → *Iūlius dominus hōrum servōrum est.* "I show this gem to that woman." (use 3sg) — better: "Albinus shows this gem to that woman." → *Albīnus huic fēminae hanc gemmam ostendit.*
+11. **Contextual pointing drill**: same frame, switch speaker position. "Albīnus tenet ānulum: '___ ānulus pulcher est!'" → *Hic.* "Albīnus dē ānulō in mēnsā longē: '___ ānulus pulcher est!'" → *Ille.* Force the student to read perspective.
+12. **Oblique-case Q&A**: "*Cuius est hoc monīle?*" → *(Monīle) Lydiae est.* "*Cui Mēdus pecūniam dat?*" → *Tabernāriō / Albīnō dat.* "*Quō cōnstat ānulus?*" → *Centum sēstertiīs (cōnstat).*
+13. **Bargaining mini-dialogue**: combine price + demonstrative + buy/sell. "Lydia: '*Quantum cōnstat hoc monīle?*' Albīnus: '*Centum sēstertiīs.*' Lydia: '*Nimis! Illud emō, nōn hoc.*'" — have student supply the next line or swap roles.
+14. **Rapid-discrimination drill**: flash pairs and ask which fits. *Quis / Quī* + *vir venit?* → *Quī.* *Quid / Quod* + *ōrnāmentum?* → *Quod.* *Cuius / Cui* + *dās mālum?* → *Cui.* *Quantus / Quot* + *sēstertiī?* → *Quot.*
 
 ## Session start
 

llpsi-c9.md

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 - m.: *pāstor, pāstōris* (shepherd); *sōl, sōlis* (sun); *timor, timōris* (fear); *clāmor, clāmōris* (shout); *mōns, montis* (mountain); *collis, collis* (hill); *pānis, pānis* (bread); *dēns, dentis* (tooth — comes more in c10/11).
 - f.: *ovis, ovis* (sheep); *vallis, vallis* (valley); *arbor, arboris* (tree); *nūbēs, nūbis* (cloud).
 - *canis, canis* (m./f., dog) — gen. pl. irreg. *canum*, not *canium*.
+- *grex, gregis* m. (flock — used for the shepherd's sheep).
 
 **Nouns — 2nd decl. (new)**: *campus -ī* m. (field); *cibus -ī* m. (food); *rīvus -ī* m. (stream); *lupus -ī* m. (wolf); *caelum -ī* n. (sky); *vestīgium -ī* n. (footprint); *modus -ī* m. (way, manner — *hōc modō* "in this way").
 
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 - *bālat / bālant* (bleats, 1st)
 - *accurrit / accurrunt* (runs to, 3rd, *ad-currit*)
 - *impōnit / impōnunt* (places upon, *in-pōnit*)
+- *cūstōdit / cūstōdiunt* (guards, watches over, 4th)
 
 **Pronoun**: *ipse, ipsa, ipsum* (-self, intensive — same endings as *ille*).
 
@@ -66,6 +68,8 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 
 2. **Recognizing 3rd-decl. nouns from gen. sg.**: nom. and gen. often differ in stem (*pāstor, pāstōris*; *mōns, montis*; *dēns, dentis*; *nūbēs, nūbis*). Always learn the gen. with the noun.
 
+   **Stem recovery rule**: in 3rd decl. the stem comes from the **gen.**, not the nom. Drop *-is* from the gen. sg.: *montis* → stem *mont-*; *nūbis* → *nūb-*; *dentis* → *dent-*; *gregis* → *greg-*; *pāstōris* → *pāstōr-*. Every other case is built on that stem.
+
 3. **Gender in 3rd decl.**: not predictable from ending — must be memorized. f.: *ovis, vallis, nūbēs, arbor*; m.: *pāstor, sōl, timor, clāmor, pānis, collis, mōns, dēns, canis*.
 
 4. **Formal review of all three declensions** (Grammatica section makes this explicit):
@@ -75,6 +79,8 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 
 5. ***ipse, ipsa, ipsum*** ("-self," intensive — not reflexive!) — same endings as *ille* (gen. sg. *ipsīus*, dat. sg. *ipsī*). *Ovis lupum ipsum videt.* "The sheep sees the wolf himself." Different from reflexive *sē*.
 
+   **Agreement of *ipse***: agrees with the noun being **emphasized**, not necessarily the subject. *Pāstor lupum ipsum videt* — emphasis on the wolf ("the wolf himself"). *Pāstor ipse lupum videt* — emphasis on the shepherd ("the shepherd himself"). Position + agreement together do the work.
+
 6. ***dum* + present indicative** = "while": *Dum pāstor dormit, ovis abit.* "While the shepherd sleeps, the sheep goes off."
 
 7. ***ut* + nom.** = "like, as": *Oculī lupī lūcent ut gemmae.* "The wolf's eyes shine like gems." (Comparison/simile.)
@@ -94,6 +100,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 - ***ipse* confused with *sē***: *Ovis sē videt* = "the sheep sees herself" (reflexive). *Ovis lupum ipsum videt* = "the sheep sees the wolf himself" (intensive). Different jobs.
 - ***dum* mistranslated as "until"**: in this chapter *dum* + present always means "while."
 - ***mōns / dēns* nominative drops -t-**: nom. sg. *mōns* (< *monts*), gen. *montis*. Don't write *montis* for nom. or *mōns* for gen.
+- **Assuming every 3rd-decl. *-is* noun is i-stem (or every one is consonant-stem)**: must check. *ovis, collis, vallis, pānis* are i-stem (gen. pl. *-ium*); but *canis* is consonant-stem (gen. pl. *canum*). Memorize gen. pl. with the noun.
+- **Misparsing *nūbēs* as only plural**: sg. nom. is also *nūbēs* (3rd-decl. f. with *-ēs* nom. sg.). Context decides. *Nūbēs in caelō est* (sg.) vs. *Nūbēs in caelō sunt* (pl.).
+- ***ipse* default-agreeing with the subject**: don't auto-attach to the subject. Agree with whatever noun is being emphasized. *Lupus ovem ipsam ēst* = "the wolf eats the very sheep" — *ipsam* with *ovem*, not *lupus*.
+- **Using *sub* + acc. for static "under"**: in this chapter "under" = location (no motion), so *sub* + **abl.** *Pāstor sub arbore dormit* (correct, abl.); *sub arborem dormit* (wrong — that would be motion, "down under to the tree").
 
 ## Exercise menu
 
@@ -107,6 +117,10 @@ Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c9 third-decl`, `/llpsi-c9 declensions`,
 8. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quot ovēs habet pāstor?" → *Centum ovēs (habet) — ūnam nigram et ūndēcentum albās.* "Cūr lupus ovem nigram nōn ēst?" → *Quia canis accurrit (et lupum petit).*
 9. **Translate**: "The shepherd lies in the shade of the tree with the dog and the sheep." → *Pāstor in umbrā arboris cum cane et ovibus iacet.* "The wolves seek the sheep through the forest." → *Lupī ovēs per silvam petunt / quaerunt.*
 10. **Convert clauses with *dum***: "While the shepherd sleeps, the dog watches." (give simpler vocab) → *Dum pāstor dormit, canis aspicit / spectat.* "While the wolf seeks food, the dog runs up." → *Dum lupus cibum quaerit, canis accurrit.*
+11. **Stem-recovery drill**: give nom./gen. pair, ask for stem. *mōns / montis* → *mont-.* *nūbēs / nūbis* → *nūb-.* *grex / gregis* → *greg-.* *dēns / dentis* → *dent-.* *pāstor / pāstōris* → *pāstōr-.*
+12. **Sort consonant-stem vs. i-stem (gen. pl. *-um* vs. *-ium*)**: give a list, ask the student to bin each. *pāstor, ovis, arbor, mōns, canis, collis, vallis, nūbēs, sōl, pānis* → consonant: *pāstor, arbor, canis, sōl*; i-stem: *ovis, mōns, collis, vallis, nūbēs, pānis.*
+13. **Scene-description with chapter geography**: prompt the student to describe a picture using *sub arbore, suprā montem, in valle, dum pāstor dormit*. E.g. "Pāstor sub arbore dormit; suprā montem sōl lūcet; dum pāstor dormit, lupus ē silvā venit."
+14. **Contrast *sē* vs. *ipse/ipsa/ipsum* (near-minimal pairs)**: "Pāstor ___ videt." (himself, reflexive) → *sē.* "Pāstor lupum ___ videt." (the wolf himself) → *ipsum.* "Ovis ___ in rīvō videt." (herself) → *sē.* "Ovis lupum ___ timet." (the wolf himself) → *ipsum.*
 
 ## Session start