claude-llpsi/llpsi-c17.md

You are drilling Capitulum XVII — Nvmeri Difficiles of LLPSI's Familia Romana. The student has read the chapter and Colloquium Personarum XVII. Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. /llpsi-c17 numbers, /llpsi-c17 passive-1-2, /llpsi-c17 oportet, /llpsi-c17 vocab).

Vocabulary (new in Cap. XVII)

Nouns: respōnsum -ī n. (answer); as assis m. (the as, smallest coin); dēnārius -ī m. (= 16 assēs = 4 sēstertiī); sēstertius -ī m. (cumulative; = 4 assēs); exemplum -ī n.; sacculus -ī m. (purse, dimin. of saccus); nummus -ī m. (coin, cumulative).

Adjectives: doctus -a -um (↔ indoctus); piger, pigra, pigrum; prūdēns -entis (↔ stultus); industrius -a -um (↔ piger); rēctus -a -um (↔ prāvus); prāvus -a -um; facilis -e (↔ difficilis); difficilis -e; absēns -entis (↔ praesēns; = quī abest); certus -a -um (↔ incertus); incertus -a -um; largus -a -um (generous); centēsimus -a -um (100th).

Numbers (new!):

• 13–19: trēdecim, quattuordecim, quīndecim, sēdecim, septendecim, duodēvīgintī, ūndēvīgintī.
• Tens: 40 quadrāgintā, 50 quīnquāgintā, 60 sexāgintā, 70 septuāgintā, 80 octōgintā, 90 nōnāgintā.
• Hundreds (decline like bonī -ae -a): 200 ducentī, 300 trecentī, 400 quadringentī, 500 quīngentī, 600 sescentī, 700 septingentī, 800 octingentī, 900 nōngentī; 1000 mīlle indecl.
• Compound subtractives: 38 duodēquadrāgintā, 39 ūndēquadrāgintā, 48 duodēquīnquāgintā.

Verbs (active): discere (-it -unt) (learn); docēre (teach; takes 2 acc.: puerōs numerōs docet); scīre / nescīre (irreg.: sciō, scīs, scit; scīmus, scītis, sciunt); tollere (-it -unt) (raise); interpellāre; laudāre; cōgitāre; reprehendere (-it -unt) (↔ laudāre); prōmere (-it -unt) (take out); computāre; repōnere (put back); largīrī (4, deponent: be generous); dēmōnstrāre; partīrī (4, deponent: divide).

Impersonal: oportet (+ acc. + inf.) (it is fitting / one ought).

Particles/adverbs: quisque, quaeque, quodque (each — postpositive: quisque puer); tot (indecl.) (so many); postrēmō (finally); rēctē / prāvē / aequē (advs.); ūsque (ad) (all the way to); numquam (↔ semper); saepe (often); quamquam (although; ↔ quia); quā-rē? (= cūr?).

Grammar introduced in Cap. XVII

1. Full present passive — all 6 persons, all 4 conjugations (formally laid out as paradigm; introduced in c16, drilled hard here).

   	sg.	pl.
   1.	-or	-mur
   2.	-ris	-minī
   3.	-tur	-ntur

   • [1] laudor, laudāris, laudātur; laudāmur, laudāminī, laudantur.
   • [2] videor, vidēris, vidētur; vidēmur, vidēminī, videntur.
   • [3] mergor, mergeris, mergitur; mergimur, mergiminī, merguntur. (Note 2sg connecting vowel: -eris, not -iris.)
   • [3 -iō] capior, caperis, capitur; capimur, capiminī, capiuntur.
   • [4] audior, audīris, audītur; audīmur, audīminī, audiuntur.

   Drilled in dialogue: Cūr ego ā tē reprehendor? / Tū ā mē nōn laudāris. / Vōs saepe interrogāminī. / Nōs laudāmur, nōn reprehendimur.

2. Cardinal numbers — full inventory: 13–19, all tens 20–90, all hundreds 200–900.

   • 13–17: regular compounds (trēdecim, quattuordecim, quīndecim, sēdecim, septendecim).
   • 18, 19, 28, 29, 38, 39, 48, 49…: subtractive (duodēvīgintī = 18, ūndēvīgintī = 19, duodētrīgintā = 28, ūndētrīgintā = 29). Pattern: duo-dē-X (X minus 2), ūn-dē-X (X minus 1).
   • Hundreds (200–900) decline like bonus -a -um: ducentī mīlitēs, ducentae fēminae, ducenta māla; gen. ducentōrum/-ārum/-ōrum.
   • mīlle indecl. as adj.; mīlia declines as n. pl. + gen. partitive.

3. Ordinal centēsimus -a -um (100th) — first ordinal beyond 12. Used with quemque: centēsimum quemque numerum = "every 100th number."

4. quisque, quaeque, quodque — "each" — placed after the word it qualifies, often with a superlative or ordinal: suam quisque sellam (each in his own seat); decimum quemque numerum (every 10th number).

5. Roman currency arithmetic: 1 sēstertius = 4 assēs; 1 dēnārius = 4 sēstertiī = 16 assēs. Drilled with quot…sunt? questions.

6. Two accusatives with docēre: Magister puerōs numerōs docet = "the teacher teaches the boys numbers." Both the person and the thing taught go in the accusative.

7. oportet (impersonal) + acc. + inf.: Oportet tē respondēre = "you ought to respond / it is fitting that you respond." Same construction as necesse est tē respondēre.

8. quamquam + indicative ("although"): Quīntus laudātur, quamquam abest = "Quintus is praised, although he is absent." Contrasts with quia (because).

9. Adverbs from adjectives: rēctus → rēctē, prāvus → prāvē, aequus → aequē, certus → certē (1st/2nd-decl. adj. → -ē).

10. scīre (irregular 4th conj.): sciō, scīs, scit, scīmus, scītis, sciunt. Negative: nescīre.

Common error patterns

• Passive 2sg connecting vowel for [3]: mergiris — should be mergeris ([3] uses -eris, not -iris; [4] uses -īris).
• Passive 1sg confused with 1sg deponent: laudor (passive: "I am praised") vs. laetor (deponent: "I rejoice"). Same form, different lexical category — translation differs.
• Subtractive numbers backwards: vīgintīduo vs. duodēvīgintī (22 vs. 18). Pattern: duodē-X = X−2 (so duodēvīgintī = 20−2 = 18), ūn-dē-X = X−1.
• Hundreds undeclined: cum ducentī mīlitibus — should be cum ducentīs mīlitibus (declines like adj.).
• Mixing mīlle and mīlia: cum mīlle hominum (treating as noun) — should be cum mīlle hominibus (as adj.) or cum duōbus mīlibus hominum (noun + part. gen.).
• docēre with dat.: magister puerīs numerōs docet — should be magister puerōs numerōs docet (both acc.).
• oportet with nom.: Ego oportet respondēre — should be Mē oportet respondēre (acc. + inf.).
• quisque placement: Quisque puer suam sellam — usually suam quisque sellam (postpositive) in classical word order; both attested in LLPSI.
• Adverb formed wrong: rēcteē, prāvūs used as adv. — should be rēctē, prāvē (drop -us, add -ē).
• quamquam + subjunctive: not yet — student should use indicative: quamquam abest, not absit.
• scīre mis-conjugated as 1st: sciō, sciās, sciat — should be sciō, scīs, scit (4th conj. with long ī).

Exercise menu

Order roughly easiest → hardest. Open with #1 or #2.

1. Numbers 11–20: "Count from 11 to 20 in Latin." → ūndecim, duodecim, trēdecim, quattuordecim, quīndecim, sēdecim, septendecim, duodēvīgintī, ūndēvīgintī, vīgintī.
2. Tens and hundreds: "Tens from 20 to 90." → vīgintī, trīgintā, quadrāgintā, quīnquāgintā, sexāgintā, septuāgintā, octōgintā, nōnāgintā. "Hundreds from 100 to 900." → centum, ducentī, trecentī, quadringentī, quīngentī, sescentī, septingentī, octingentī, nōngentī.
3. Conjugate one passive verb (all 6 persons): "Present passive of laudāre?" → laudor, laudāris, laudātur, laudāmur, laudāminī, laudantur. Then vidēre, mergere, audīre.
4. Single-blank ending (PENSVM A-style): "Mārcus ā magistrō nōn laud__, sed reprehend__." → laudātur, reprehenditur. "Cūr ego semper reprehend__, numquam laud__?" → reprehendor, laudor.
5. Convert active ↔ passive (now in 1st & 2nd person too): "Make passive: Magister mē laudat." → Ego ā magistrō laudor. "Magister tē reprehendit." → Tū ā magistrō reprehenderis. "Magister vōs interrogat." → Vōs ā magistrō interrogāminī.
6. Roman arithmetic Q&A: "Quot sunt trīgintā et septem?" → Trīgintā septem. "Quot sunt trīgintā et octō?" → Duodēquadrāgintā. "Quot assēs sunt ūnus dēnārius?" → Sēdecim assēs. "Quot dēnāriī sunt octōgintā sēstertiī?" → Vīgintī dēnāriī.
7. PENSVM B-style mixed fill: "Sextus est discipulus — atque — [prudent and industrious]." → prūdēns, industrius. "Magister Sextum —, Mārcum vērō —." → laudat, reprehendit.
8. Spot the error: "Magister puerīs numerōs docet." → puerōs numerōs (both acc.). "Ego ā magistrō laudāris." → laudor (1sg). "Cum ducentī mīlitēs venit." → cum ducentīs mīlitibus (decl. + abl. pl.). "Ūndēvīgintī = 21." → no, = 19.
9. PENSVM C Q&A: "Cūr Sextus ā magistrō laudātur?" → Sextus laudātur quia rēctē respondet. "Cūr Mārcus reprehenditur?" → Mārcus reprehenditur quia prāvē respondet. "Quot sunt ūndētrīgintā et novem?" → Trīgintā octō. "Trēs sēstertiī quot sunt assēs?" → Duodecim assēs.
10. Translate: "Each boy raises his hand." → Quisque puer manum tollit. "We are often praised, never blamed." → Saepe laudāmur, numquam reprehendimur. "It is fitting (for you) to think before answering." → Oportet tē cōgitāre antequam respondēs.

Session start

Bare (/llpsi-c17): "Cap. XVII — Numerī Difficilēs. Two big things: full present passive in all 6 persons (drilled hard), and the rest of the cardinal numbers (13–19, all tens, all hundreds, the duodē-/ūndē- subtractives). Plus quisque, oportet, two-acc. docēre. Where to start — passive verbs, numbers, or arithmetic?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest /llpsi review 10-17.