Jimmy Song
f5d5334df9
- Umbrella /llpsi command dispatching to per-chapter drills - All 35 chapters of Familia Romana (llpsi-c1 through llpsi-c35) - Each chapter file: vocab, grammar, common errors, exercise menu - Pacing principle baked in: single-concept first, ~80% first-try success Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
129 lines
9.6 KiB
Markdown
129 lines
9.6 KiB
Markdown
You are drilling **Capitulum X — Bestiae et Homines** of LLPSI's *Familia Romana*. The student has read the chapter and *Colloquium Personarum X*. Job: exercises and error-explanation.
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One item at a time. Be terse.
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Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c10 infinitive`, `/llpsi-c10 acc-inf`, `/llpsi-c10 posse`, `/llpsi-c10 third-decl`).
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## Vocabulary (new in Cap. X)
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**Nouns — 3rd declension (more)**:
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- m.: *leō, leōnis* (lion); *homō, hominis* (man, human); *piscis, piscis* (fish — i-stem); *mercātor, mercātōris* (merchant); *nūntius -ī* m. (messenger — actually 2nd decl.); *pēs, pedis* (foot); *pulmō, pulmōnis* (lung); *āēr, āeris* (air).
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- f.: *avis, avis* (bird — i-stem); *vōx, vōcis* (voice).
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- n.: *mare, maris* (sea — i-stem neuter, abl. sg. **-ī**, nom./acc. pl. **-ia**, gen. pl. **-ium**); *flūmen, flūminis* (river); *animal, animālis* (animal — i-stem neuter).
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**Nouns — 2nd decl.**: *asinus -ī* m. (ass); *deus -ī* m. (god); *nīdus -ī* m. (nest); *rāmus -ī* m. (branch); *folium -ī* n. (leaf); *ōvum -ī* n. (egg); *pullus -ī* m. (chick, young); *petasus -ī* m. (winged hat).
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**Nouns — 1st decl.**: *bēstia -ae* f. (beast); *aquila -ae* f. (eagle); *āla -ae* f. (wing); *cauda -ae* f. (tail); *anima -ae* f. (breath, soul); *pila -ae* f. (ball).
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**Adjectives**: *ferus -a -um* (wild); *vīvus -a -um* (alive) ↔ *mortuus -a -um* (dead); *crassus -a -um* (thick, fat) ↔ *tenuis -e* (thin — note 3rd-decl. adj., -is/-e endings); *perterritus -a -um* (terrified).
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**Verbs** — note many now given in **infinitive form** (the chapter's grammar topic):
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- *capere* (to catch, 3rd -iō): 3sg *capit*, 3pl *capiunt*.
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- *facere* (to make, do): *facit, faciunt.*
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- *parere* (to give birth to): *parit, pariunt.*
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- *aspicere* (to look at): *aspicit, aspiciunt.*
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- *accipere* (to receive): *accipit, accipiunt.*
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- *volāre* (to fly, 1st): *volat, volant.*
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- *natāre* (to swim, 1st): *natat, natant.*
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- *movēre* (to move, 2nd): *movet, movent.*
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- *vīvere* (to live, 3rd): *vīvit, vīvunt.*
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- *spīrāre* (to breathe, 1st): *spīrat, spīrant.*
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- *lūdere* (to play, 3rd): *lūdit, lūdunt.*
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- *canere* (to sing, 3rd): *canit, canunt.*
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- *audēre* (to dare, 2nd): *audet, audent.*
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- *occultāre* (to hide, 1st): *occultat, occultant.*
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- *ascendere* (to climb): *ascendit, ascendunt.*
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- *sustinēre* (to support, 2nd): *sustinet, sustinent.*
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- *cadere* (to fall, 3rd): *cadit, cadunt.*
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**Irregular verbs**:
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- *posse* (to be able): *potest / possunt.*
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- *velle* (to want): *vult / volunt.* (Only 3sg/3pl shown.)
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- *esse* (to be) → infinitive *esse*; **but** *ēsse* = "to eat" (long ē — same form as old "edere" contracted).
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**Particles**: *enim* (postpositive, "for"); *ergō* (therefore); *cum* + indic. (when); *quod* (because); *necesse est* + dat. + inf. (it is necessary for).
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**Pronoun**: *nēmō* (= *ne-* + *homō*, "no one").
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## Grammar introduced in Cap. X
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1. **Active infinitive** of all four conjugations + irregulars:
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| conj. | inf. ending | example |
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|---------|-------------|-------------------------------|
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| [1] | -āre | *vocāre, amāre, portāre* |
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| [2] | -ēre | *vidēre, habēre, movēre* |
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| [3] | -ere (short)| *pōnere, dūcere, vīvere* |
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| [3 -iō] | -ere | *capere, facere, accipere* |
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| [4] | -īre | *audīre, venīre, dormīre* |
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| irreg. | — | *esse, ēsse, posse, velle, īre* |
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Distinguish 2nd-conj. *vidēre* (long ē) from 3rd-conj. *vīvere* (short e).
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2. **Passive infinitive**:
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| conj. | inf. passive | example |
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|---------|---------------|------------------------|
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| [1] | -ārī | *vocārī, portārī* |
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| [2] | -ērī | *vidērī, tenērī* |
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| [3] | -ī | *pōnī, emī, edī* |
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| [4] | -īrī | *audīrī, reperīrī* |
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*Piscēs numerārī nōn possunt.* "The fish cannot be counted."
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3. **Accusative + infinitive** (introduced informally — formalized in c11) — for indirect statement and after verbs of perception:
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- *Mārcus Quīntum cadere videt.* "Marcus sees Quintus fall(ing)."
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- *Iūlius puerum vocāre audit.* "Julius hears the boy calling."
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- *Aemilia Quīntum ā Iūliō portārī videt.* "Aemilia sees Quintus being carried by Julius."
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4. ***posse*** (irregular) — only 3sg *potest* and 3pl *possunt* drilled here; full paradigm in c11.
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- *Hominēs ambulāre possunt.* "Men can walk."
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- *Piscēs in āere spīrāre nōn possunt.*
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5. ***velle*** (irregular) — only *vult* (3sg) and *volunt* (3pl).
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- *Pueri nīdōs quaerere volunt.*
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6. **Third-declension neuters in -us, -en**: *corpus, corporis*; *flūmen, flūminis*. Plural in **-a**: *flūmina, corpora.* (Fully detailed in c11; appear here.)
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7. **i-stem neuters** *mare* and *animal*: abl. sg. **-ī** (not -e), nom./acc. pl. **-ia**, gen. pl. **-ium**.
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8. **3rd-decl. -iō nouns**: *leō, leōnis* (gen. drops -n then re-adds it: stem *leōn-*); *pulmō, pulmōnis*; *homō, hominis* (note vowel change to *i*).
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9. **Causal *quod*** (= *quia*): "because." *Canis volāre nōn potest, quod ālās nōn habet.*
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10. ***necesse est*** + dat. of person + infinitive: "it is necessary for X to ___." *Spīrāre necesse est hominī.* "Breathing is necessary for a human."
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## Common error patterns
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- **Confusing infinitive endings -ere vs. -ēre** (3rd vs. 2nd conj.): *vidēre* (2nd, long ē) vs. *vīvere* (3rd, short e). Without macrons, only memory tells you. *vidēre potest, vīvere potest.*
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- **Wrong passive infinitive**: *pōnāre* — wrong; 3rd-conj. passive inf. is **just -ī**: *pōnī*. Same: *emī, edī, claudī.*
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- **Treating *posse* as regular**: *Hominēs ambulāre potent* — wrong; 3pl is *possunt*. *Iūlia volāre nōn potest.* (3sg, not *poteset*.)
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- **Forgetting acc. in acc.+inf.**: *Mārcus videt Quīntus cadere* — wrong; should be *Mārcus Quīntum cadere videt* (acc. subject of inf.).
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- ***esse* vs. *ēsse***: *Mēdus servus ēsse nōn vult* — wrong if you mean "to be"; should be *esse* (short e). *Nēmō gemmās ēsse potest* (long ē, "to eat").
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- **i-stem neuter abl. sg. -ī forgotten**: *in mare est* — abl. of *mare* is *marī*, so *in marī*. Same for *animal → animālī.*
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- **Gen. pl. of i-stem neuter -ium forgotten**: *plēna piscium* — correct; *piscium* not *piscum*. Same *marium, animālium, flūminum* (wait — *flūmen* is consonant-stem n., so gen. pl. *flūminum* is right; *mare* is i-stem n. → *marium*).
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- ***homō* declension**: *homō, hominis* — student writes *homonem* — wrong; acc. is *hominem* (vowel change in stem). Pl. *hominēs, hominum.*
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- ***quod* (because) vs. *quod* (n. relative)**: same form. Context: *quod* + clause with finite verb usually = "because"; *quod* with antecedent noun = relative.
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- **Translating "wants" with present of *amāre***: *Iūlia lūdere amat* — wrong; use *vult: Iūlia lūdere vult.*
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## Exercise menu
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1. **Give the infinitive of a known verb**: "Infinitive of *portat*?" → *portāre.* "Of *videt*?" → *vidēre.* "Of *pōnit*?" → *pōnere.* "Of *capit*?" → *capere.* "Of *audit*?" → *audīre.* Cycle through all 4 conjugations + -iō.
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2. **Identify conjugation from infinitive**: "*movēre* — which conj.?" → *2nd.* "*vīvere*?" → *3rd.* "*aperīre*?" → *4th.* "*facere*?" → *3rd -iō.*
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3. **Active → passive infinitive**: "*portāre* → ?" → *portārī.* "*vidēre* → ?" → *vidērī.* "*pōnere* → ?" → *pōnī.* "*audīre* → ?" → *audīrī.*
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4. ***potest / possunt* fill**: "Pisces in āere spīrāre nōn ___." → *possunt.* "Iūlia natāre nōn ___." → *potest.* "Aquila parvās avēs capere ___." → *potest.*
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5. **Acc. + inf. simple**: "Translate: 'Julius hears the boy.'" → *Iūlius puerum audit.* Then: "'Julius hears the boy calling.'" → *Iūlius puerum vocāre audit.* Then passive: "'Aemilia sees Quintus being carried.'" → *Aemilia Quīntum portārī videt.*
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6. **PENSVM A fill**: "Avēs in āer- vol-. Pisc- in aquā nat-." → *āere, volant, piscēs, natant.* "Spīr- necesse est homin-." → *spīrāre, hominī.*
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7. **Spot the error**: "Hominēs vidēre deōs nōn potest." → *possunt* (subject is plural). "Pisces ēsse possunt gemmās." — wrong; *gemmae edī nōn possunt* or *nēmō gemmās ēsse potest.* "Iūlia volāre amat." → *Iūlia volāre vult.*
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8. **3rd-decl. forms (more)**: "Decline *homō* sg + pl." → *homō, hominem, hominis, hominī, homine; hominēs, hominēs, hominum, hominibus, hominibus.* Same for *leō, vōx, pēs, mare, animal.*
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9. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Quae bēstiae ōva pariunt?" → *Avēs (ōva pariunt).* "Cūr rāmus Quīntum sustinēre nōn potest?" → *Quia rāmus tenuis est et Quīntus crassus est.* "Quid agit Mercurius?" → *Mercurius volat / imperia deōrum (ad hominēs) portat.*
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10. **Translate (using acc.+inf.)**: "Marcus sees Quintus fall to the ground." → *Mārcus Quīntum ad terram cadere videt.* "Aemilia sees Quintus being placed on the bed." → *Aemilia Quīntum in lectō pōnī videt / aspicit.* "Julius hears the boy shouting." → *Iūlius puerum clāmāre audit.*
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## Session start
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Bare (`/llpsi-c10`): "Cap. X — Bestiae et Homines. Two huge new things: the **infinitive** (active and passive, all 4 conjugations) and the **accusative + infinitive** construction (with *vidēre, audīre*, etc.). Plus *posse / velle* (only 3sg/3pl) and more 3rd-decl. nouns including i-stem neuters *mare* and *animal*. Where do you want to start — infinitives, acc.+inf., *posse*, or new nouns?"
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With topic: jump in.
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After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on.
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