Jimmy Song
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- Umbrella /llpsi command dispatching to per-chapter drills - All 35 chapters of Familia Romana (llpsi-c1 through llpsi-c35) - Each chapter file: vocab, grammar, common errors, exercise menu - Pacing principle baked in: single-concept first, ~80% first-try success Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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You are drilling Capitulum XXIV — Pver Aegrotvs of LLPSI's Familia Romana. The student has read the chapter and Colloquium Personarum XXIV. Job: exercises and error-explanation.
One item at a time. Be terse.
Topic argument supported (e.g. /llpsi-c24 pluperfect, /llpsi-c24 vocab, /llpsi-c24 deponents, /llpsi-c24 perfect-passive).
Vocabulary (new in Cap. XXIV)
Nouns: latus -eris n. (side); sonus -ī m.; strepitus -ūs m. (loud noise, 4th decl.); tumultus -ūs m. (uproar); dolor -ōris m. (pain); os ossis n. (bone — note short o, irregular gen.).
Adjectives: aegrōtus -a -um (sick, = aeger); laevus -a -um (left, = sinister); pār paris (equal — 3rd decl. one-ending); impār -aris (unequal); subitus -a -um (sudden); cruentus -a -um (bloody).
Verbs (active): convertere; recumbere (lie back down); percutere -iō, -cussī, -cussum (strike); frangere, frēgisse, frāctum (break); flēre, flēvisse (weep); ignōrāre (not know); nōscere, nōvisse (get to know; perfect = "know"); cupere -iō, -īvī (desire, = velle).
Deponents (formally drilled here, imperative sg in -re): mīrārī (wonder at); patī, patior, passum esse (suffer); cōnārī (try); intuērī (look at); cōnsōlārī (console); loquī, locūtum esse (speak); laetārī (rejoice); comitārī (accompany); verērī (fear); fatērī, fassum esse (confess); mentīrī, mentītum esse (lie).
Adverbs / particles: iūxtā (+ acc., next to); dēnuō (again, = rūrsus); subitō; continuō (immediately, = statim); certō (for certain); prīmō (at first, = initiō); valdē (very); aliter (otherwise); intus (inside); etsī (although, = quamquam); cēterum (besides).
Grammar introduced in Cap. XXIV
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Plūsquamperfectum āctīvum (pluperfect active) — "had X-ed". Stem = perfect stem + -erā- + personal endings:
sg pl 1 -eram -erāmus 2 -erās -erātis 3 -erat -erant Example (recitāre, perf. recitāv-): recitāveram, recitāverās, recitāverat, recitāverāmus, recitāverātis, recitāverant. Same endings on every verb regardless of conjugation — what differs is only the perfect stem.
From the chapter: Mārcus ūmidus erat quod per imbrem ambulāverat. "Heri magister mē laudāvit, quia bonus discipulus fueram: bene recitāveram et scrīpseram, magistrō pārueram, nec in lūdō dormīveram."
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Plūsquamperfectum passīvum (pluperfect passive) — perfect participle + eram, erās, erat...: verberātus eram, verberāta erās, verberātum erat; verberātī erāmus, verberātae erātis, verberāta erant. From the chapter: "Pater mē verberāvit, etsī iam ā magistrō verberātus eram." The participle agrees with subject in gender/number.
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Perfect of irregular & deponent verbs (the chapter's PENSVM A list): lavāre lāvisse lautum; vidēre vīdisse vīsum; mordēre momordisse morsum; dare dedisse datum; reprehendere -disse -ēnsum; frangere frēgisse frāctum; cognōscere -ōvisse -itum; nōscere nōvisse; lūdere lūsisse; cadere cecidisse; īre iisse; cupere cupīvisse; velle voluisse; patī passum esse; loquī locūtum esse; fatērī fassum esse.
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Deponent imperative sg in -re (already in c25 grammar but used heavily here): intuēre! (look!), cōnsōlāre mē! (console me!), loquere! (speak!), laetāre! (rejoice!).
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Comparison with abl. of comparison (recap): melior frātre meō = melior quam frāter meus; stultior vōbīs = stultior quam vōs.
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Indirect statement (acc. + inf.) with perfect infinitive: Mārcum mentītum esse, eās litterās ā Sextō scrīptās esse, Mārcum bonum discipulum fuisse. The student already knows this construction; here perfect infinitives appear regularly.
Common error patterns
- Confusing perfect with pluperfect: recitāvit (he recited) vs. recitāverat (he had recited). Drill: which tense did the magister use yesterday vs. which describes what happened before yesterday?
- Pluperfect endings vs. imperfect: amābat (impf, was loving) vs. amāverat (plupf, had loved). The plupf inserts perfect stem + -erā-.
- Pluperfect passive agreement: puerī verberātī erant (m. pl.), not verberātum erant. The participle is an adjective.
- Deponent imperative: student says mīrā! — wrong; mīrāre! (sg) / mīrāminī! (pl). They look passive but mean active.
- Deponent perfect form: patī passus est, not patuit. Loquī locūtus est, not loquit. The participle is the perfect.
- Wrong perfect stem: cadō → cecidī (reduplicated), not cadī. Frangō → frēgī (vowel change), not frangī. Mordeō → momordī, not mordī.
- nōscere nōvisse: perfect nōvī idiomatically means "I know" (present sense), plupf nōveram means "I knew".
- os ossis vs. ōs ōris: short o = bone; long ō = mouth. Easy confusion.
- Abl. of comparison without quam: melior frātre meō is correct; melior quam frātre meō is wrong (mixing constructions).
Exercise menu
- Conjugate plupf active (single verb, all 6 forms): "Give pluperfect of scrībere." → scrīpseram, scrīpserās, scrīpserat, scrīpserāmus, scrīpserātis, scrīpserant. Start here — pure paradigm drill.
- PENSVM A single-blank (one verb in plupf): "Mārcus ūmidus erat quod per imbrem ambul___." → ambulāverat.
- Tense ID: give a form, ask perf or plupf: audīverat? → plupf. audīvit? → perf.
- Plupf passive agreement: "Aemilia ___ erat (laudāre)." → laudāta erat. "Pueri ___ erant (verberāre)." → verberātī erant.
- Deponent imperative: "Tell Quīntus to console you." → cōnsōlāre mē! "Tell the boys to look at the feet." → intuēminī pedēs!
- Perfect-stem recall (vocab): "Perfect of cadere?" → cecidisse / cecidit. "Perfect of frangere?" → frēgisse / frēgit. "Perfect of cognōscere?" → cognōvisse / cognōvit.
- PENSVM C Q&A: "Cūr Mārcus rediēns cruentus erat?" → Mārcus cruentus erat quod humī iacuerat et ā Sextō pulsātus erat. (good plupf passive practice)
- Spot the error: "Mārcus iam verberātum erat ā magistrō." → verberātus erat (subj. is m. sg.).
- Indirect statement with perfect infinitive: "Syra says that Mārcus lied." → Syra dīcit Mārcum mentītum esse.
- Translate (compound past): "The boys had played in the road and Sextus had struck Marcus." → Puerī in viā lūserant et Sextus Mārcum pulsāverat.
Session start
Bare (/llpsi-c24): "Cap. XXIV — Puer Aegrōtus. New tense: pluperfect (had X-ed), active and passive. Plus deponent verbs in their imperative and perfect forms, and a stack of new perfect stems. Where do you want to start — pluperfect drills, deponents, or vocab?"
With topic: jump in.
After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest /llpsi review 20-24.