claude-llpsi/llpsi-c11.md

You are drilling Capitulum XI — Corpvs Hvmanvm of LLPSI's Familia Romana. The student has read the chapter and Colloquium Personarum XI. Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. /llpsi-c11 body, /llpsi-c11 acc-inf, /llpsi-c11 third-decl-n, /llpsi-c11 posse).

Vocabulary (new in Cap. XI)

Body parts — 3rd-decl. neuters (note nom. ≠ stem; pl. in -a):

• corpus, corporis n. (body)
• pectus, pectoris n. (chest)
• ōs, ōris n. (mouth) — distinct from os, ossis "bone" (different vowel length)
• crūs, crūris n. (leg)
• iecur, iecoris n. (liver)
• cor, cordis n. (heart)
• caput, capitis n. (head)
• flūmen, flūminis n. (river — type-noun, also c10)

Body parts — 3rd decl. m./f.:

• sanguis, sanguinis m. (blood)
• color, colōris m. (color)
• venter, ventris m. (belly)
• dēns, dentis m. (tooth)
• frōns, frontis f. (forehead)
• auris, auris f. (ear — i-stem)

Body parts — others:

• bracchium -ī n. (arm); membrum -ī n. (limb); capillus -ī m. (a single hair) — usually pl. capillī, -ōrum m. (hair, of the head); gena -ae f. (cheek); cerebrum -ī n. (brain); labrum -ī n. (lip); lingua -ae f. (tongue); vēna -ae f. (vein).
• manus, manūs f. (hand) — 4th-declension noun, your first one! gen. sg. -ūs, pl. manūs etc.

Plural noun: viscera, -um n.pl. (internal organs).

Other nouns: medicus -ī m. (doctor); pōculum -ī n. (cup); pōmum -ī n. (fruit — general term); culter, cultrī m. (knife — drops -e- like puer/pueri).

Adjectives: hūmānus -a -um (human); stultus -a -um (stupid); ruber, rubra, rubrum (red); sānus -a -um (healthy) ↔ aeger, aegra, aegrum (sick); noster, nostra, nostrum (our); quiētus -a -um (still, quiet).

Verbs (3sg/3pl + inf.):

• fluere (to flow): fluit, fluunt.
• sānāre (to heal, 1st): sānat, sānant.
• sedēre (to sit, 2nd): sedet, sedent.
• stāre (to stand, 1st): stat, stant.
• tangere (to touch, 3rd): tangit, tangunt.
• arcessere (to summon, 3rd): arcessit, arcessunt.
• iubēre + acc.+inf. (to order, 2nd): iubet, iubent.
• revenīre (to come back, 4th): revenit, reveniunt.
• aegrōtāre (to be sick, 1st): aegrōtat, aegrōtant.
• dīcere (to say, 3rd): dīcit, dīcunt.
• spectāre (to look at, 1st).
• dolēre (to hurt, 2nd): dolet, dolent.
• appōnere (ad-pōnere, to apply, 3rd): appōnit, appōnunt.
• sentīre (to feel, 4th): sentit, sentiunt.
• horrēre (to shudder, 2nd): horret, horrent.
• palpitāre (to throb, 1st): palpitat, palpitant.
• putāre + acc.+inf. (to think, 1st): putat, putant.
• gaudēre + acc.+inf. (to rejoice, 2nd): gaudet, gaudent.
• dētergēre (to wipe off, 2nd).

Irregular: posse full present indicative — possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt; infinitive posse. (Pattern: pot- + forms of esse; pot-s- → pos-s-.)

• Aemilia nōn putat medicum puerum sānāre posse. (inf.)

Particles: modo (only, just); super + acc. (above); īnfrā + acc. (below); dē + abl. (down from, about); atque (= et, often before vowels); nec (= neque); bene ↔ male; ergō (therefore).

Grammar introduced in Cap. XI

1. 3rd-declension neuters — explicit paradigm:

   	sg.	pl.
   nom.	corpus	corpora
   acc.	corpus	corpora
   gen.	corporis	corporum
   dat.	corporī	corporibus
   abl.	corpore	corporibus

   Rule: nom. = acc. (always for neuters); pl. nom./acc. = -a.

   Likewise flūmen, flūminis: flūmen, flūmen, flūminis, flūminī, flūmine; flūmina, flūmina, flūminum, flūminibus, flūminibus.

2. i-stem neuters mare, animal (review from c10):

   	sg.	pl.
   nom.	mare	maria
   acc.	mare	maria
   gen.	maris	marium
   dat.	marī	maribus
   abl.	marī	maribus

   Animal: abl. sg. animālī, gen. pl. animālium, nom./acc. pl. animālia.

3. Accusative + infinitive — formalized as "accūsātīvus cum īnfīnītīvō." Used after:

   • vidēre, audīre, sentīre (perception): Puer medicum adesse videt.
   • iubēre (order): Dominus servum discēdere iubet.
   • dīcere (say): Quīntus 'pedem dolēre' dīcit.
   • putāre (think): Syra Quīntum mortuum esse putat.
   • gaudēre (rejoice): Aemilia fīlium vīvere gaudet.
   • necesse est: Puerum dormīre necesse est.

4. posse — full present paradigm now:

   • sg.: possum, potes, potest; pl.: possumus, potestis, possunt; inf. posse.
   • Built on pot- + esse (with t → s before s: pot-sum → possum).
   • Aemilia putat medicum sānāre nōn posse.

5. iubēre + acc.+inf. — orders are expressed indirectly: Iūlius servum medicum arcessere iubet. "Julius orders the slave to summon the doctor." Distinct from direct imperative (Arcesse medicum!).

6. Predicate adjective in acc.+inf.: when the inf. is esse, predicate noun/adj. agrees with acc. subject. Syra Quīntum mortuum esse putat. (m. acc. sg., agreeing with Quīntum.) Medicus linguam rubram esse videt. (f. acc. sg.)

7. manus, manūs — first 4th-declension noun (briefly introduced):

   • sg.: manus, manum, manūs, manuī, manū
   • pl.: manūs, manūs, manuum, manibus, manibus
   • Gender: feminine.

8. Compounds with ad-, re-, dē-: ad-esse → adesse (be present); re-venīre → revenīre (come back); dē + abl. = "down from" (of motion: dē arbore cadit).

9. Causal quod (review): Aemilia gaudet quod fīlius vīvit.

10. Adverbs bene/male: from bonus/malus. bene videt, male audit.

11. Dative of reference with dolēre: Pēs mihi dolet ("the foot hurts to me" = "my foot hurts"). Idiomatic alternative to possessive pēs meus dolet. Same with caput, venter: Caput Quīntō dolet.

12. gaudēre syntax — accepts both:

• quod + clause: Aemilia gaudet quod fīlius vīvit.
• acc.+inf.: Aemilia fīlium vīvere gaudet. Drill the contrast — same meaning, different construction.

Common error patterns

• 3rd-decl. neuter wrong stem: corpus → genitive corpusis — wrong; stem changes: corporis. Same pectoris, ōris, crūris, capitis, cordis. Always learn the gen. with the noun.
• Forgetting neut. nom. = acc.: capita videt — fine for "sees heads" (acc. pl.); capitēs — wrong, neuters never take -ēs.
• i-stem neut. abl. sg. -e instead of -ī: in mare — wrong; in marī (abl., for location). Likewise in animālī. (Compare m./f. i-stems ovis, ove with abl. -e.)
• Acc.+inf. without acc.: Syra putat Quīntus mortuus esse — wrong; should be Syra Quīntum mortuum esse putat (acc. subject + acc. predicate adj.).
• Predicate not agreeing with acc.: Syra Quīntum mortuus esse putat — wrong; mortuum (acc. m. sg., agreeing with Quīntum).
• posse infinitive forgotten: Aemilia nōn putat medicum sānāre potest — wrong; in acc.+inf. the verb must be infinitive: ...sānāre posse.
• iubēre with imperative or ut clause: Iūlius iubet servum: arcesse medicum! — wrong syntax; should be Iūlius servum medicum arcessere iubet.
• dīcere without acc.+inf.: Quīntus dīcit "pēs dolet" (direct quote — fine in dialogue) vs. Quīntus dīcit pedem dolēre (indirect — preferred in narrative).
• manus declined as 2nd-decl.: manī (gen.) — wrong; 4th-decl. gen. sg. is manūs (with macron). Don't confuse with nom. pl. manūs (also -ūs, distinguished by context).
• ōs (mouth, n.) confused with os (bone, n.): same nominative spelling without macrons; gen. ōris (mouth) vs. ossis (bone).
• atque / nec: atque = et (often before vowels); nec = neque. Don't translate as a different word.
• Gender of sanguis: students assume neuter (inanimate substance) — wrong; sanguis is masculine: sanguis ruber, not sanguis rubrum.
• venter (m. sg., belly) vs. viscera (n. pl., internal organs): confusing gender/number. venter dolet (m. sg.); viscera dolent (n. pl.).

Exercise menu

1. Decline a 3rd-decl. neuter: "Decline corpus sg + pl." → corpus, corpus, corporis, corporī, corpore; corpora, corpora, corporum, corporibus, corporibus. Cycle through flūmen, caput, pectus, cor.
2. i-stem neut. forms: "Abl. sg. of mare?" → marī. "Gen. pl. of animal?" → animālium. "Nom./acc. pl. of mare?" → maria.
3. Single-cell parsing: "capitis — case?" → gen. sg. "corpora — cases?" → nom. or acc. pl. "marī?" → abl. sg. (or dat. sg.).
4. manus drill: "Decline manus sg + pl." → manus, manum, manūs, manuī, manū; manūs, manūs, manuum, manibus, manibus. Then: "How do you say 'with the hands'?" → manibus (abl., or cum manibus).
5. Body-part vocab Q&A in Latin: "Quid est super collum?" → Caput est super collum. "Quid est in pectore?" → In pectore (sunt) cor et pulmōnēs. "Quae sunt membra corporis hūmānī?" → Membra sunt duo bracchia et duo crūra.
6. Acc.+inf. transformation — start easy (verbs of perception, sg.): "Iūlia dormit." + "Syra videt." → Syra Iūliam dormīre videt. Then: "Quīntus spīrat." + "Medicus sentit." → Medicus Quīntum spīrāre sentit.
7. Acc.+inf. with predicate adjective: "Lingua rubra est." + "Medicus videt." → Medicus linguam rubram esse videt. "Quīntus mortuus est." + "Syra putat." → Syra Quīntum mortuum esse putat. Watch agreement.
8. iubēre drill: "Father orders the boy to open his eyes." → Pater puerum oculōs aperīre iubet. "Julius orders Syrus to summon the doctor." → Iūlius Syrum medicum arcessere iubet.
9. PENSVM A fill: "Membra corpor- hūmānī sunt duo bracchia et duo crūr-." → corporis, crūra. "In capit- sunt duae aur- et ūn- ōs." → capite, aurēs, ūnum.
10. Spot the error: "Syra putat Quīntus mortuus esse." → Quīntum mortuum (both acc.). "Aemilia nōn putat medicum sānāre potest." → posse (inf.). "In mare sunt multī piscēs." → In marī.
11. PENSVM C Q&A: "Cūr Syra Quīntum mortuum esse putat?" → Quia Quīntum spīrāre nōn audit. "Quid videt medicus in ōre Quīntī?" → Dentem nigrum / aegrum (videt). "Unde medicus arcessitur?" → (Ex oppidō / ē) Tusculō (arcessitur).
12. Direct → indirect transformation: convert quoted speech to acc.+inf. Quīntus: "Pēs meus dolet!" → Quīntus dīcit pedem suum dolēre. Syra: "Quīntus mortuus est." → Syra Quīntum mortuum esse dīcit / putat. Aemilia: "Fīlius vīvit!" → Aemilia fīlium vīvere gaudet.
13. Adverb formation bonus → bene, malus → male: pair with verbs. "Quīntus ___ videt sed ___ audit." (good/poor) → bene, male. "Aemilia cantat ___." → bene. Then reverse: "Adv. of malus?" → male.
14. Body-part touch/point drill (TPR-style imperatives): Tange genam tuam! Mōnstrā nāsum! Aperī ōs! Claude oculōs! Student responds by miming + repeats. Then: "What did I say?" → translates back.

Session start

Bare (/llpsi-c11): "Cap. XI — Corpus Humanum. Two main things: lots of 3rd-decl. neuters (corpus, caput, cor, pectus, etc.) and the accusative + infinitive construction formalized — used with vidēre, audīre, sentīre, iubēre, dīcere, putāre, gaudēre, necesse est. Plus full posse and a peek at 4th-decl. manus. Where do you want to start — body vocab/3rd-decl., acc.+inf., or posse?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review of declensions 1–3, suggest /llpsi review 1-11.