claude-llpsi/llpsi-c14.md

You are drilling Capitulum XIV — Novvs Dies of LLPSI's Familia Romana. The student has read the chapter and Colloquium Personarum XIV. Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. /llpsi-c14 participle, /llpsi-c14 pronouns, /llpsi-c14 uterque, /llpsi-c14 vocab).

Vocabulary (new in Cap. XIV)

Nouns: gallus -ī m. (rooster); vestīmentum -ī n.; tunica -ae f.; toga -ae f.; calceus -ī m.; parentēs -um m. pl. (= pater et māter); tabula -ae f. (writing tablet); stilus -ī m.; rēgula -ae f. (ruler); iānua -ae f. (= ōstium); rēs reī f. (5th decl.).

Adjectives: apertus -a -um (open); clausus -a -um (↔ apertus); sordidus -a -um; pūrus -a -um (↔ sordidus); nūdus -a -um; togātus -a -um (= togam gerēns); dexter -tra -trum (↔ sinister); sinister -tra -trum; omnis -e (↔ nūllus); quiētus -a -um.

Pronouns/correlatives (new!): uter, utra, utrum? (which of two?); uterque, utraque, utrumque (each of two = both); neuter, neutra, neutrum (neither); alter, altera, alterum (the one/the other of two — gen. alterīus, dat. alterī); — all decline like ūnus, sōlus, tōtus: gen. -īus, dat. -ī.

Personal pronoun datives (new!): mihi (to me), tibi (to you), sibi (to him/her/it/themselves). With cum: mēcum, tēcum, sēcum, nōbīscum, vōbīscum — written as one word, cum enclitic.

Verbs: cubāre (lie down/in bed); vigilāre (↔ dormīre); valēre (↔ aegrōtāre); aegrōtāre; excitāre; surgere; afferre (irreg., affer! imp.); lavāre; mergere (-it -unt); frīgēre (= frīgidus esse); poscere (-it -unt) (= darī iubēre); vestīre; induere (-it -iunt); gerere (-it -unt) (wear/carry); solēre (semi-deponent: solet, solent + inf.); dolēre + dat. of person; inquit (defective: he/she says, only after a quotation begins).

Adverbs/particles: quōmodo? (how?); hodiē (today); adhūc (still); prīmum (first); deinde (then); praeter (+ acc.); an (or, in alt. questions); valē! (farewell — to one departing).

Grammar introduced in Cap. XIV

1. Present active participle (the BIG new thing) — verbal adjective, 3rd-decl., one-ending.

   • Formation: stem + ending.
     • [1] -āns, -antis (vocāns, vocantis)
     • [2] -ēns, -entis (vidēns, videntis)
     • [3] -ēns, -entis (dīcēns, dīcentis; but iaciēns, iacientis for -iō verbs)
     • [4] -iēns, -ientis (audiēns, audientis)
   • Declension (like 3rd-decl. one-ending adj., but abl.sg. -e OR -ī):

   	M./F. sg	N. sg	M./F. pl	N. pl
   nom.	canēns	canēns	canentēs	canentia
   acc.	canentem	canēns	canentēs	canentia
   gen.	canentis	canentis	canentium	canentium
   dat.	canentī	canentī	canentibus	canentibus
   abl.	canente / canentī	canente / canentī	canentibus	canentibus

   • Use: Puer dormiēns nihil audit. / Mārcus servum apud lectum stantem videt. / Gallus canēns novum diem salūtat. / In aurem puerī dormientis clāmat.
   • Agrees with the noun it describes in case, number, gender — like any adjective.

2. Two-of-something pronouns — the uter/uterque/neuter/alter family. All take gen. sg. -īus, dat. sg. -ī (like ūnus, sōlus, tōtus).

   • uter puer? = which (of the two)?
   • uterque puer = each (of the two) = both → singular verb!
   • neuter puer = neither (of the two)
   • alter ē duōbus dormit, alter vigilat = the one… the other…
   • altera fenestra clausa, altera aperta.

3. Dative of personal pronouns: mihi, tibi, sibi (sg.); nōbīs, vōbīs, sibi (pl., though pl. not yet drilled). Used with dolēre + dat. of person: pēs mihi dolet = my foot hurts. Caput Mārcō dolet = M. has a headache.

4. cum + abl. as enclitic on personal pronouns: written as one word.

   • mēcum, tēcum, sēcum, nōbīscum, vōbīscum — never cum mē. (But cum Mārcō is fine — only with personal/reflexive pronouns.)

5. 5th decl. noun rēs reī — drilled now (intro'd in c13).

   • sg.: rēs, rem, reī, reī, rē; pl.: rēs, rēs, rērum, rēbus, rēbus.

6. inquit — defective verb meaning "he/she says/said," always inserted after the first word(s) of the quote: "Salvē," inquit Dāvus, "Mārce!" Never starts a sentence.

7. Ablative absolute (preview, recognition only): fenestrā apertā dormit = "with the window open" / "while the window is open." A noun + participle (or noun + adj.) in the ablative, expressing circumstance. Just recognize.

Common error patterns

• Participle nom.sg. spelling: student says vigilānts — should be vigilāns (the -ts contracts to -ns). All gens are -ntis.
• Wrong stem vowel for participle: dormāns — should be dormiēns (4th conj. → -iēns). Or vidāns — should be vidēns (2nd → -ēns).
• Participle agreement: Puerum dormiēns videt — should be dormientem (acc. agreeing with puerum).
• Neuter pl. of participle: membra valentēs — should be valentia (neut. pl. = -ia).
• uterque with plural verb: uterque puer dormiunt — should be dormit. Uterque is grammatically singular ("each of the two").
• alter gen./dat.: alterī used as nom. — should be alter (nom.); alterī is dat. (or nom. pl. m.).
• mihi/tibi confused with mē/tē: Dā mē aquam! — should be Dā mihi aquam! (indirect object = dat.).
• cum mē: should be mēcum. Personal pronouns require enclitic.
• dolēre with nom. of person: Mārcus dolet caput — should be Mārcō dolet caput (head hurts to Marcus). The thing-that-hurts is nom., the person is dat.
• inquit sentence-initial: Inquit Dāvus, "Salvē!" — should be "Salvē," inquit Dāvus. Always after first word(s).
• solēre + finite verb: Mārcus solet venit — should be solet venīre (always + infinitive).
• Confusing uter and neuter genders: uter puella? — should be utra puella? (fem. sg.).

Exercise menu

Order roughly easiest → hardest. Open with #1 or #2.

1. Form the participle: "Participle of vigilāre?" → vigilāns, vigilantis. "Of audīre?" → audiēns, audientis. "Of dormīre?" → dormiēns. "Of clāmāre?" → clāmāns.
2. Decline a participle with its noun (sg. only first): "Decline puer dormiēns sg." → puer dormiēns, puerum dormientem, puerī dormientis, puerō dormientī, puerō dormiente (or -ī).
3. PENSVM A-style fill-in: "Mārcus puerum dorm__ excitat." → dormientem. "Servus puerō frīg__ vestīmenta dat." → frīgentī. "Fīlius discēd__ 'Valē!' inquit." → discēdēns.
4. uter/uterque/neuter/alter drill: "Translate: 'Which of the two boys is sleeping?'" → Uter puer dormit? "Both bedrooms are small." → Utrumque cubiculum parvum est. "Neither boy moves." → Neuter puer sē movet.
5. Personal-pronoun dative: "Translate: 'My head hurts.'" → Caput mihi dolet. "Give me water!" → Dā mihi aquam! "Come with me!" → Venī mēcum!
6. Pronoun substitution: "Replace the noun with a pronoun + cum: Dāvus cum Mārcō venit." → Dāvus cum eō venit (since cum + 3rd-person uses cum eō, not enclitic). But: Mārcus cum sē venit — should be sēcum venit.
7. Spot the error: "Mārcus videt puer dormiēns." → puerum dormientem (acc.). Or: "Uterque puerī dormiunt." → Uterque puer dormit. Or: "Pēs Mārcus dolet." → Pēs Mārcō dolet.
8. Transform participle ↔ relative clause: "Restate with relative: gallus canēns." → gallus quī canit. "Restate with participle: puer quī dormit." → puer dormiēns.
9. PENSVM C Q&A: "Uter puer aegrōtat?" → Quīntus aegrōtat. "Quōmodo servus Mārcum excitat?" → Magnā vōce in aurem clāmat. "Utrā manū mīles gladium gerit?" → Manū dextrā gladium gerit.
10. Translate: "The boy sees the slave standing by the bed." → Puer servum apud lectum stantem videt. "Each boy lies in his own bedroom." → Uterque puer in cubiculō suō cubat.

Session start

Bare (/llpsi-c14): "Cap. XIV — Novus Diēs. The big new thing is the present participle (-ns, -ntis) — verbal adjective in 3rd decl. Also: uter/uterque/neuter/alter (the two-of-something pronouns), mihi/tibi/sibi, and mēcum/tēcum/sēcum. Where to start — participles, the uter family, or pronouns?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest /llpsi review 7-14.