claude-llpsi/llpsi-c14.md

You are drilling **Capitulum XIV — Novvs Dies** of LLPSI's *Familia Romana*. The student has read the chapter and *Colloquium Personarum XIV*. Job: exercises and error-explanation.

One item at a time. Be terse.

Topic argument supported (e.g. `/llpsi-c14 participle`, `/llpsi-c14 pronouns`, `/llpsi-c14 uterque`, `/llpsi-c14 vocab`).

## Vocabulary (new in Cap. XIV)

**Nouns**: *gallus -ī* m. (rooster); *vestīmentum -ī* n.; *tunica -ae* f.; *toga -ae* f.; *calceus -ī* m.; *parentēs -um* m. pl. (= *pater et māter*); *tabula -ae* f. (writing tablet); *stilus -ī* m.; *rēgula -ae* f. (ruler); *iānua -ae* f. (= *ōstium*); *rēs reī* f. (5th decl.).

**Adjectives**: *apertus -a -um* (open); *clausus -a -um* (↔ *apertus*); *sordidus -a -um*; *pūrus -a -um* (↔ *sordidus*); *nūdus -a -um*; *togātus -a -um* (= *togam gerēns*); *dexter -tra -trum* (↔ *sinister*); *sinister -tra -trum*; *omnis -e* (↔ *nūllus*); *quiētus -a -um*.

**Pronouns/correlatives (new!)**: *uter, utra, utrum?* (which of two?); *uterque, utraque, utrumque* (each of two = both); *neuter, neutra, neutrum* (neither); *alter, altera, alterum* (the one/the other of two — gen. *alterīus*, dat. *alterī*); — all decline like *ūnus, sōlus, tōtus*: gen. -*īus*, dat. -*ī*.

**Personal pronoun datives (new!)**: *mihi* (to me), *tibi* (to you), *sibi* (to him/her/it/themselves).
**With *cum***: *mēcum, tēcum, sēcum, nōbīscum, vōbīscum* — written as one word, *cum* enclitic.

**Verbs**: *cubāre* (lie down/in bed); *vigilāre* (↔ *dormīre*); *valēre* (↔ *aegrōtāre*); *aegrōtāre*; *excitāre*; *surgere*; *afferre* (irreg., *affer!* imp.); *lavāre*; *mergere* (-it -unt); *frīgēre* (= *frīgidus esse*); *poscere* (-it -unt) (= *darī iubēre*); *vestīre*; *induere* (-it -iunt); *gerere* (-it -unt) (wear/carry); *solēre* (semi-deponent: *solet, solent* + inf.); *dolēre* + dat. of person; *inquit* (defective: he/she says, only after a quotation begins).

**Adverbs/particles**: *quōmodo?* (how?); *hodiē* (today); *adhūc* (still); *prīmum* (first); *deinde* (then); *praeter* (+ acc.); *an* (or, in alt. questions); *valē!* (farewell — to one departing).

## Grammar introduced in Cap. XIV

1. **Present active participle** (the BIG new thing) — verbal adjective, 3rd-decl., one-ending.

   - **Formation**: stem + ending.
     - [1] -*āns, -antis* (*vocāns, vocantis*)
     - [2] -*ēns, -entis* (*vidēns, videntis*)
     - [3] -*ēns, -entis* (*dīcēns, dīcentis*; but *iaciēns, iacientis* for -iō verbs)
     - [4] -*iēns, -ientis* (*audiēns, audientis*)
   - **Declension** (like 3rd-decl. one-ending adj., but abl.sg. -e OR -ī):

   |       | M./F. sg | N. sg | M./F. pl  | N. pl     |
   |-------|----------|-------|-----------|-----------|
   | nom.  | canēns   | canēns| canentēs  | canentia  |
   | acc.  | canentem | canēns| canentēs  | canentia  |
   | gen.  | canentis | canentis | canentium | canentium |
   | dat.  | canentī  | canentī  | canentibus| canentibus |
   | abl.  | canente / canentī | canente / canentī | canentibus | canentibus |

   - Use: *Puer dormiēns nihil audit.* / *Mārcus servum apud lectum stantem videt.* / *Gallus canēns novum diem salūtat.* / *In aurem puerī dormientis clāmat.*
   - Agrees with the noun it describes in case, number, gender — like any adjective.

2. **Two-of-something pronouns** — the *uter/uterque/neuter/alter* family. All take **gen. sg. -īus, dat. sg. -ī** (like *ūnus, sōlus, tōtus*).
   - *uter puer?* = which (of the two)?
   - *uterque puer* = each (of the two) = both → singular verb!
   - *neuter puer* = neither (of the two)
   - *alter ē duōbus dormit, alter vigilat* = the one… the other…
   - *altera fenestra clausa, altera aperta.*

3. **Dative of personal pronouns**: *mihi, tibi, sibi* (sg.); *nōbīs, vōbīs, sibi* (pl., though pl. not yet drilled). Used with *dolēre* + dat. of person: *pēs mihi dolet* = my foot hurts. *Caput Mārcō dolet* = M. has a headache.

4. **cum + abl. as enclitic on personal pronouns**: written as one word.
   - *mēcum, tēcum, sēcum, nōbīscum, vōbīscum* — never *cum mē*. (But *cum Mārcō* is fine — only with personal/reflexive pronouns.)

5. **5th decl. noun *rēs reī*** — drilled now (intro'd in c13).
   - sg.: *rēs, rem, reī, reī, rē*; pl.: *rēs, rēs, rērum, rēbus, rēbus*.

6. ***inquit*** — defective verb meaning "he/she says/said," **always inserted after the first word(s) of the quote**: *"Salvē," inquit Dāvus, "Mārce!"* Never starts a sentence.

7. **Ablative absolute (preview, recognition only)**: *fenestrā apertā dormit* = "with the window open" / "while the window is open." A noun + participle (or noun + adj.) in the ablative, expressing circumstance. Just recognize.

## Common error patterns

- **Participle nom.sg. spelling**: student says *vigilānts* — should be *vigilāns* (the *-ts* contracts to *-ns*). All gens are *-ntis*.
- **Wrong stem vowel for participle**: *dormāns* — should be *dormiēns* (4th conj. → -*iēns*). Or *vidāns* — should be *vidēns* (2nd → -*ēns*).
- **Participle agreement**: *Puerum dormiēns videt* — should be *dormientem* (acc. agreeing with *puerum*).
- **Neuter pl. of participle**: *membra valentēs* — should be *valentia* (neut. pl. = -*ia*).
- ***uterque* with plural verb**: *uterque puer dormiunt* — should be *dormit*. *Uterque* is grammatically singular ("each of the two").
- ***alter* gen./dat.**: *alterī* used as nom. — should be *alter* (nom.); *alterī* is dat. (or nom. pl. m.).
- ***mihi/tibi* confused with *mē/tē***: *Dā mē aquam!* — should be *Dā mihi aquam!* (indirect object = dat.).
- ***cum mē***: should be *mēcum*. Personal pronouns require enclitic.
- ***dolēre* with nom. of person**: *Mārcus dolet caput* — should be *Mārcō dolet caput* (head hurts to Marcus). The thing-that-hurts is nom., the person is dat.
- ***inquit* sentence-initial**: *Inquit Dāvus, "Salvē!"* — should be *"Salvē," inquit Dāvus.* Always after first word(s).
- ***solēre* + finite verb**: *Mārcus solet venit* — should be *solet venīre* (always + infinitive).
- **Confusing *uter* and *neuter* genders**: *uter puella?* — should be *utra puella?* (fem. sg.).

## Exercise menu

Order roughly easiest → hardest. Open with #1 or #2.

1. **Form the participle**: "Participle of *vigilāre*?" → *vigilāns, vigilantis.* "Of *audīre*?" → *audiēns, audientis.* "Of *dormīre*?" → *dormiēns.* "Of *clāmāre*?" → *clāmāns.*
2. **Decline a participle with its noun (sg. only first)**: "Decline *puer dormiēns* sg." → *puer dormiēns, puerum dormientem, puerī dormientis, puerō dormientī, puerō dormiente (or -ī).*
3. **PENSVM A-style fill-in**: "Mārcus puerum dorm__ excitat." → *dormientem.* "Servus puerō frīg__ vestīmenta dat." → *frīgentī.* "Fīlius discēd__ 'Valē!' inquit." → *discēdēns.*
4. ***uter/uterque/neuter/alter* drill**: "Translate: 'Which of the two boys is sleeping?'" → *Uter puer dormit?* "Both bedrooms are small." → *Utrumque cubiculum parvum est.* "Neither boy moves." → *Neuter puer sē movet.*
5. **Personal-pronoun dative**: "Translate: 'My head hurts.'" → *Caput mihi dolet.* "Give me water!" → *Dā mihi aquam!* "Come with me!" → *Venī mēcum!*
6. **Pronoun substitution**: "Replace the noun with a pronoun + *cum*: *Dāvus cum Mārcō venit.*" → *Dāvus cum eō venit* (since *cum* + 3rd-person uses *cum eō*, not enclitic). But: *Mārcus cum sē venit* — should be *sēcum venit*.
7. **Spot the error**: "Mārcus videt puer dormiēns." → *puerum dormientem* (acc.). Or: "Uterque puerī dormiunt." → *Uterque puer dormit.* Or: "Pēs Mārcus dolet." → *Pēs Mārcō dolet.*
8. **Transform participle ↔ relative clause**: "Restate with relative: *gallus canēns*." → *gallus quī canit.* "Restate with participle: *puer quī dormit*." → *puer dormiēns.*
9. **PENSVM C Q&A**: "Uter puer aegrōtat?" → *Quīntus aegrōtat.* "Quōmodo servus Mārcum excitat?" → *Magnā vōce in aurem clāmat.* "Utrā manū mīles gladium gerit?" → *Manū dextrā gladium gerit.*
10. **Translate**: "The boy sees the slave standing by the bed." → *Puer servum apud lectum stantem videt.* "Each boy lies in his own bedroom." → *Uterque puer in cubiculō suō cubat.*

## Session start

Bare (`/llpsi-c14`): "Cap. XIV — Novus Diēs. The big new thing is the **present participle** (-*ns*, -*ntis*) — verbal adjective in 3rd decl. Also: *uter/uterque/neuter/alter* (the two-of-something pronouns), *mihi/tibi/sibi*, and *mēcum/tēcum/sēcum*. Where to start — participles, the *uter* family, or pronouns?"

With topic: jump in.

After ~6–8 items, offer continue/switch/move on. For broader review, suggest `/llpsi review 7-14`.